Transcript Education and HIV/AIDS “Global success in combating HIV/AIDS must be measured by its impact on our children and young people.

Education and HIV/AIDS
“Global success in combating HIV/AIDS must be measured by its impact on our
children and young people. Are they getting the information they need to protect
themselves from HIV? Are girls being empowered to take charge of their sexuality?
Are infants safe from the disease, and are children orphaned by AIDS being raised
in loving, supportive environments?
These are the hard questions we need to be asking. These are the yardsticks for
measuring our leaders. We cannot let another generation be devastated by AIDS.”
- Carol Bellamy, UNICEF Executive Director
11.8 million Young People (15-24)
Living with HIV/AIDS
7.3 million young women - 4.5 million young men
Central and
Eastern Europe
35%
430,000
65%
33%
67%
Industrialized
Countries
240,000
31%
62%
38%
South Asia
1.1 million
62%
Sub-Saharan Africa
8.6 million
Source: UNAIDS/UNICEF, 2000
49%
38%
Latin America & Caribbean
560,000
69%
East Asia & Pacific
740,000
Middle East
41% & North
59%
Africa
160,000
51%
Number of Young People age 15-24 years old,
2005 estimate
Europe
North
America
100
million
50
million
Asia
700 million
Caribbean
& Latin
America
100
million
Africa
180
million
Oceania
5 million
Total: 1.2 billion Young People
that need to be reached
with LIFE SKILLS
Most Adolescents Know Little about HIV Prevention
% of young women (15-19) who have heard of AIDS and % who
know the three primary ways of avoiding infection*
% 100
84
85
85
88
90
91
93
94
95
95
97
99
99
99
77
75
73
67
54
54
57
58
69
67
59
Heard of
AIDS
56
50
46
41
41
41
38
38
33
22
20
19
9
*three primary ways (ABC): Abstinence; Be faithful; Consistent condom use
Source: UNICEF/MICS, DHS 1999-2001
Cuba
Moldova
Botswana
Côte d'Ivoire
Yugoslavia (FR)
Cameroon
Kenya
Comoros
Vietnam
Gambia
Bolivia
Chad
Niger
Senegal
Guinea Bissau
Sierra Leone
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan
Madagascar
Somalia
1
0
Guinea Bissau
5
Ukraine
14
9
Dominican Republic
15
11
16
Bosnia and Herzegovina
24
24
23
30
29
27
U. R. Tanzania
25
26
Know the 3
main ways of
protection
Most Adolescents have Misconceptions about
HIV/AIDS
Misconceptions (%)
% of young women (aged 15-19) who have at least one major misconception about
HIV/AIDS or have never heard of AIDS
Latin
America &
Caribbean
Eastern &
Southern
Africa
West & Central Africa
East
Asia &
the
Pacific
Source: UNICEF/MICS, Measure DHS, 1999-2001.
Misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted through witchcraft; mosquito bites; or believe a
healthy-looking person cannot have AIDS virus.
CEE/CIS
and
Baltic
States
Adolescents in Latin America & the Caribbean
“Regarding AIDS, I feel…
Very informed = 4
Moderately informed = 3
Not very informed = 2
Not at all informed = 1
4
Average
3
2
1
Mexico
Brazil
Central
America
Sex Education
Caribbean
Andean
Area
Southern
Cone
AIDS
Voices of children and adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean. Regional Survey. UNICEF, 2000.
Total
Few Have Sufficient Knowledge to Protect Themselves
% of young women (aged 15–24) who have heard of AIDS and have sufficient
knowledge to protect themselves
93
97
13
3
4
97
84
93
94
72
59
15
14 33
27
70
16
16
91
90
99
90
5
5
16
94
96
23
43
26
2
37
4
59
81
17
5
18
Have heard of AIDS
Have sufficient knowledge to protect themselves
Source: UNICEF/MICS & Measure DHS, 1999-2001
Education Makes a Difference
% of youth (aged 15-19) in Cameroon who know that a healthy
looking person can have HIV, 1998
Know
Don’t Know
Boys
Girls
Never in school
No longer in
school
Still in school
Source: DHS, 1998.
91%
83%
52%
45%
32%
26%
• Young people cannot
protect themselves if they
do not know the facts
about HIV/AIDS.
Adolescents must learn the
facts before they become
sexually active, and the
information needs to be
regularly reinforced
through schools,
communities and the
media.
• It is necessary to
maintain continued
HIV/AIDS education in
order to reach each new
cohort of adolescents and
to build upon the existing
knowledge of all young
people.
Condom Use & Educational Attainment
Percentage using condoms during last sexual intercourse
% of unmarried adolescents (aged 15-19) in Côte d’Ivoire reporting
condom use during sexual intercourse by educational status, 1998
100
80
60
45
40
40
28
20
0
20
26
19
No education
Primary Education
Source: Enquete de surveillance de comportements relatifs aux
MST/SIDA en Côte d'Ivoire. BSS, 1998. ENSEA,FHI/IMPACT, IRESCO.
Secondary and
higher education
Boys
Girls
Teaching Children about HIV/AIDS Prevention
% of women (age 15-49) who have heard of AIDS and who think that children age 12-14 should be
taught how to use condoms to avoid AIDS, by educational status, selected countries 2000
100%
87%
80%
80%
65%
65%
60%
52%
65%
56%
55%
52%
48%
40%
45%
38%
20%
0%
Malawi
No education
Gabon
Haiti
Primary school
Cambodia
Secondary+
Knowledge of HIV Testing Facilities
Increases with Education
% of young women who know where to get an HIV test by education level
Suriname, 2000
100
Know test place (%)
75
69
50
38
25
20
0
No education
N=1675
Source: Surinam-MICS/UNICEF, 2000
Primary education
Secondary
education+
Adult Knowledge of HIV Testing Facilities
Increases with Educational Attainment
100
Know test place (%)
79
75
64
52
89
85
70
64
58
66
57
No education
50
42
31
25
0
Malawi
women
15-49
Malawi
men 1554
Source: Malawi 2000 DHS, Tanzania 1999 DHS.
Tanzania
women
15-49
Tanzania
men 1559
Primary education
Secondary education+
Countries Need HIV/AIDS Training for Secondary
School Health Personnel
CHINA, 2000.
N=573
99%
Knowledge of AIDS
Willing to conduct AIDS prevention
education
89%
Willing/No objection to provide direct
services/help for HIV-positive students
86%
31%
Not sure if AID is curable
41%
Transmitted through Mosquitoes
19%
Transmitted through Toilets
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Source: AIDS Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes and Education Practice of Secondary School Health
Personnel in China. Jinqi Chen; Decai Zhao; Michael P. Dunne. December 2000. 6th International Congress
on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific, 5-10 October 2001, Melbourne, Australia. Abstract Book, page 29.
100%
Reach All Adolescents with AIDS Education
% of 14 year olds in primary school, secondary school or out of school, 2000
Lesotho, Boys & Girls
Guinea Bissau, Boys & Girls
20%
46%
8%
53%
72%
Senegal, Boys
10%
1%
Senegal, Girls
24%
37%
50%
65%
4%9%
8%
3%
In many sub-Saharan African
countries, adolescents become
sexually active by age 15.
HIV/AIDS education, therefore,
must reach all young people
before they become sexually
active because it is easier to
instil safer sex practices early
than to change established risky
behaviour. Interventions must
account for differences between
young people living in rural and
urban areas, in school and out
of school, younger and older
adolescents, boys and girls.
Cameroon, Urban Boys & Girls Cameroon, Rural Boys & Girls
16%
36%
23%
15%
48%
Source: UNICEF, MICS, 2000
62%
Primary school
Secondary school
Out-of-school
Non-standard education
School is a Protective Factor
% of girls who were not yet sexually active at various ages, by schooling status,
Kenya 1993 and 1998
100
90
80
In school
60
50
40
1993, in school
1993, out of school
1998 in school
1998 out of school
30
20
10
Out of school
Exact age
Source: DHS
.5
19
.5
18
.5
17
.5
16
.5
15
.5
14
.5
13
.5
12
.5
11
10
.5
0
10
Percent
70
Prevention programmes must target all adolescents,
including those out-of-school
100%
Urban areas
Young adolescence
9
3
6
9
80%
7
12
% out-of-school
% in secondary school
48
88
40%
84
% in secondary school
74
56
20%
36
% in primary school
0%
5
% in primary school
% in pre-school
Young adolescence
% out-of-school
32
60%
Where are they?
16
19
100%
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
21
17
2
19
25
22
8
15
67
62
15
16
17
Age
Rural areas
80%
4
% out-of-school
60%
40%
78
81
76
% in secondary school
20%
% in primary school
0%
5
6
7
8
9
Official primary school age
Source: Cameroon-MICS/UNICEF, 2000
10
11
12
13
10-14 year olds
14
15
16
17
Age
N=8,950
Impact of Parents’ Death on Schooling
% of youth (aged 10-14) in school according to whether their parents are alive
Selected countries, 1994-1998
Proportion of children in school (%)
100
living with one or both parents
both parents dead
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, Macro International, USA, and UNICEF, 2000
Impact of HIV/AIDS on Teachers
Number of deaths of teachers between 1995 and 1999,
Kenya and Zambia
1600
Number of deaths
1400
Kenya
Zambia
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1999
1996
Source: Adapted from World Bank, Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope, 2002
1998
Children are Adversely Affected by the Loss of
Teachers to AIDS
COUNTRY
Primary schoolchildren
w ho lost a teacher to
AIDS, 1999
South Africa
100,000
Kenya
95,000
Zimbabwe
86,000
Nigeria
85,000
Uganda
81,000
Zambia
56,000
Malawi
52,000
Ethiopia
51,000
United Republic of Tanzania
49,000
DRCongo
27,000
Education is a Major Component of the
10 Step Strategy to Prevent HIV/AIDS
1. End the silence, stigma and shame.
2. Provide young people with knowledge and information.
3. Equip young people with life skills to put knowledge into practice.
4. Provide youth-friendly health services.
5. Promote voluntary and confidential HIV counselling and testing.
6. Work with young people, promote their participation.
7. Engage young people who are living with HIV/AIDS.
8. Create safe and supportive environments.
9. Reach out to young people most at risk.
10. Strengthen partnerships, monitor progress.
Young people and HIV/AIDS, Opportunity in Crisis. UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO, 2002.
Part of an AIDS education and awareness project,
girls sit on the floor around a large poster, drawing
lines to connect groups at risk of contracting
HIV/AIDS, at the Pang Lao School, in the
northern city of Chiang Rai. Thailand.