Transcript Latin America New Ideas in Europe 16th-18th centuries Causes of Latin American Revolutions 1.

Latin America
New Ideas in Europe
16th-18th centuries
Causes of Latin American Revolutions
1. Enlightenment Ideas
• NATURAL LAWS govern natural science and human
society.
• Give people rights  life, liberty, property!
• Make fair societies based on reason possible.
• Challenged the theory of “Divine Right” monarchy.
2. Creole Discontent
– Person of European descent
born in the West Indies or
Latin America
– Left out of government jobs
and trade concessions
3. Inspiration of American & French
Revolutions
Declaration of the
Rights of Man & of the
Citizen--1789
Declaration of
Independence--1776
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal
In Fighting Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon on the March
Provides a model & a diversion!
Napoleon’s Role
• Attacked Portugal and Spain
• Toppled their rulers
• Weakened their control of the
Colonies
– Spanish king is imprisoned by
Napoleon in 1808
Revolts led by the Creole elite-landowners
Latin
American
Revolutions!
Question of Slavery
• In France Friends of Blacks
club advocated abolition of
slavery
• Abolished in France
September 1791
• Opposed by French
plantation owners in West
Indies
• National Convention
February 4, 1794 abolishes
slavery in colonies
Haitian Revolution
1791-1804
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Saint Domingue [renamed Haiti after revolution]
Richest colony in world
8000 sugar and coffee plantations
Population
– 500,000 slaves
– 40,000 whites
– 30,000 free people of color
• Revolution seen differently by different groups
– Rich white landowners saw greater autonomy and less economic
restrictions
– Poor whites sought equality for all whites
– Free people of color wanted equal treatment for all [opposed by both
white groups]
– Slaves saw promise of freedom
Toussaint
L’Ouverture
1791
•Leader of revolt with over 100,000
followers
•1794 Robespierre ended slavery
•1799 Napoleon changed policy
•After 10 years he gained control of
island, issued constitution and
became the effective ruler of Saint
Domingue
•Napoleon sends LeClerc who
captures L’Ouverture, chains him
and takes him to France
1000’s of French died
with Yellow Fever
•Civil War among factions after
independence declared in 1804
•1820 Independent Republic
Independence declared
in Haiti
(1804)
Former French Sugar
Colony the first
Independent State in
Latin America
Louisiana Purchase
• Treaty of Paris in 1763 gave Spain control of
the former French territory of Louisiana
• 1800 France and Spain had a secret treaty
giving this land to France but it remained
under Spanish control until 1803.
• Napoleon had hoped to rebuild France’s
New World Empire but the defeat in Haiti and
war with Britain persuaded him to sell the
entire territory just three weeks after gaining
control from Spain
• Jefferson purchased the territory with much
opposition.
Vodoun [Voodoo]
•A religious cult practiced
chiefly in Caribbean
countries (especially
Haiti)
•Involves witchcraft and
animistic deities
Who’s POV?
Slave Revolt
Question of Slavery
• Britain abolishes slave
trade in the British Empire
in 1807 fearing slave
revolts
• US prohibits trade with
Haiti and ends international
slave trade in 1808
• Slavery itself is abolished
in Britain in 1833 and in
the US in 1863
Changes in Thinking Helps to End
Slavery
• Slave population
outnumbers slave
owners= fear of revolt
• Immoral =un-Christian
• Philosophes= Against
Natural Law
• Adam Smith= inhibits
economic growth
Consequences for the end of slavery
Workers imported
from China and
India became
indentured servants
willing to give up
freedom in return
for employment
Latin America
• Unlike the American colonies of Britain the Latin
colonies had little tradition of local self-government
• They were more authoritarian
• More divided socially
• Their culture was formed by strict Catholicism of
the Counter-Reformation
• The Europeans were vastly outnumbered by native
peoples, those of African ancestry, or those of
mixed race
• 1808-Napoleon invade Spain and Portugal
deposing Spanish king and forcing Portuguese
royal family into exile in Brazil
Compare American Revolution to
Latin Americans
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American
Violence directed almost
entirely vs. Britain
Those who sided with
Britain were later able to
re-enter US society
United States
Began as a lesser colony
but emerged as powerful
and influential
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Latin America
Lasted twice as long
Divided by class, race, and
region
Dread of social rebellion
from below
Inability to unite South
America
Began as the wealthiest
but later became
impoverished
Spain and Portugal
Suppress Revolts
• Aided by Creoles and Mazombos
[American born direct descendants of
Portuguese settlers]
• Saw themselves linked more closely
with Spain and Portugal’s rulers
• Feared rebellion more than their desire
for independence
1810 Mexico Revolts
Leaders
• Father Miguel Hidalgo
• Father Jose Morales– a mestizo
[mixed ancestry]
Parish priest led
peasant rebellion
who desired more
land
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Morales’ Goals
displace Spanish and Creole elites
abolish slavery
revoke special privileges of church
he was captured and shot
Mexico’s Path
• Crushed by Creole
landowners with support
of RCC
• 1821 independence gained
with alliance of clergy and
Creole elites
• 1823 Republic declared
• Unstable for decades
• 1836 Mexican American
War—
– Texas declares
independence
Unlike other independence
movements in Latin
America because it was led
by Mestizos and Native
Americans not wealthy,
educated Creoles
Mexico continued
• First rebellions demanded reforms
• Lack of support from creoles for
insurrection= collapse
• After years of turmoil under the republic
little changed for the Mestizos or Native
Americans
• French occupation
• Benito Juarez institutes reforms in 1860’s
Brazil
• When Napoleon captured Portugal
the royal family escaped to Brazil
establishing their rule for the next 13
years.
• King Dom Joao raised legal status of
Brazilians to that of Portuguese
• Expanded Rio de Janeiro as center of
trade, administration, education and
culture
• Independence 1822 with help of
Prince Pedro who acted as regent and
became a constitutional emperor
Simon Bolivar
• Venezuela
• Wealthy Creole officer
• Educated in Europe with
enlightenment ideas
• Joined a growing class of
merchants who resented
Spanish and Portuguese
domination of trade
• United into new nation—Gran
Columbia [Columbia, Ecuador,
Venezuela]
Bolivar coming
from the North.
The “Muscle” of the
Revolution
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins
cross the Andes Mountains.
Bolivar’s Accomplishment
Bolivar’s Failure
 After uniting Venezuela,
Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran
Columbia, he left to help free
the rest of Latin America.
 He died a year later, with his
goal of uniting all of South
America unfulfilled!
Results of the
Revolutions
1. Brazil Freed from Portugal
 The Portuguese royal family
escaped Napoleon by fleeing
to Brazil.
 Pedro I set up a new,
independent kingdom in 1821
when his father returned to
Portugal.
 Pedro II assumed full power
after Pedro I abdicated his
throne.
2. Independence for Spanish &
Portuguese Latin America
 By the mid-1820s, revolts create many
newly-independent nations.
3. No Unity!
 Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South
America:
 Many newly independent countries struggle
with civil wars.
 By 1830s’ defeated attempts at unification.
 geographic factors—mountain, the Amazon,
etc.
 cultural differences
4. Independence Brought
More Poverty
 Wars disrupted
trade.
 Wars devastated
cities and
countryside.
5. Left Many Countries in the Control
of Caudillos
 WHO WERE THEY?:
 Mid-19c dictators  military authoritarianism.
 Mostly wealthy Creole aristocrats.
 Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy
and better the lives of the common people.
BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic
human rights.
 Some attempted to make improvements, but most just
cared about themselves and their families and friends
[nepotism].
 Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point
[coup d’etats!]
What is
the
Message?
Additional Problems
 Feuds among leaders.
 Geographic barriers.
 The social hierarchy continued from the
past.
 Conservatives favored the old social
order.
 Liberals wanted land reform.
 Dependence on foreign nations for
capital and for economic investments.
The Caribbean: an “American Lake”
“The Colossus of the North”
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US dominated affairs in
the Americas.
1823 – Monroe Doctrine.
US takes Texas
US gains independence
for Cuba.
US built Panama Canal
– “Yankee Imperialism.”
The Panama Canal
Causes of the Mexican Revolution of
1910?
1. Long dictatorship of
Porfirio Diaz 18761910
2. Unequal distribution of
wealth
3. Liberal reformers
Mexican Revolutionaries
Porfirio Diaz
Faced with rebellion he resigns after
holding power for almost 30 years
Madero, a liberal reformer,
democratically elected in 1911,
assassinated two years later by
his general, Huerto
Carranza, a rich
landowner, defeats
Zapata and Villa,
becomes president of
Mexico in 1917. A new
constitution passes but
reforms are slow
Huerto sets up
dictatorship
Civil War
Rebel leaders,
Zapata and Villa,
fight to improve lives
of peasants
Zapata
Pancho Villa
Carranza
Post Revolution Latin America
• Loss of population, property, livestock because of war
• Boundary disputes with other new nations
• Poor transportation and communication making unity
within nation difficult
• Little experience ruling as a republic
• Britain replaced Spain and Portugal as dominating the
economy
• Exportation of raw materials while importing finished
goods reducing industrial production in Latin America
leading to more foreign domination of their economy
• Land remained basis of wealth, social prestige,
political power throughout 19th century