Transcript How to Calculate Your Grade  You have completed 500 out of 700 total points  Add together:  Lecture exam 1  Lecture.

How to Calculate Your Grade
 You have completed 500 out of 700 total points
 Add together:
 Lecture exam 1
 Lecture exam 2
 Lab exam 1
 Lab exam 2
 Average of your 7 best quizzes (drop lowest)
 Divide by 500
 REMEMBER:
 You must have at least a “C” = 68 in both lab and
lecture separately to pass course
How to Calculate the Number of
points you need to pass
 You need a total of 476 out of 700 points to get a C
 Take the total number of points you just calculated
(the sum of 4 exams and quiz average) and subtract
it from 476
 The number you have is the total number of points
you need
 If you divide that number by 2, you will see the
approximate grade you’ll need on lab exam 3 and
lecture exam 3.
 REMEMBER: the rules from previous page apply

Have to have at least C in lecture and lab separately
Organs of the Abdomen
Systems: Urinary and Digestive
Urinary System
 Kidneys
 Purify blood
 Ureters
 Drain urine from kidney
to bladder
 Urinary Bladder
 Store urine
 Urethra
 Drain urine from
bladder to outside body
pg 5
Kidneys: major excretory organs
 Remove toxins, metabolic waste, excess
H2O, ions

Urea, uric acid, creatinin
 Regulates volume + makeup of blood
 Maintains balance between


Salts and water
Acids and bases
Kidneys: Gross Anatomy
 Located superior






pg 648
lumbar region
Posterior abdominal
wall (T12-L3)
Retroperitoneal
Hilus
Adrenal Gland:
superomedial to kidney
Renal Artery + Vein
Innervation: branches of
renal plexus
Kidneys: Gross Anatomy
 Renal Capsule
 Layer of tough CT
 Maintains shape
 Prevents spread of
infection
 Adipose Capsule
 External to renal cap
 Perirenal fat
 Surrounded by fascia
 Keeps in place, cushions
pg 649
 Pararenal Fat
 External to adipose cap
 Keeps in place, cushions
Kidney: Internal Anatomy
 Cortex
 Superficial
 Light, granular
 Part of functional unit
 Medulla
 Deep layer
 Darker
 Pyramid-cone shape
 Contain collecting
tubule collect urine
Pg 650
Kidney: Internal Anatomy
 Medullary Pyramid
 Base: against cortex
 Apex: inward


Papilla = tip
Drips urine into minor calyx
 Minor Calyx (calices)
 Cup-shaped divisions of
major calices
 Surround papilla of pyramid
 Major Calyx (calices)
 Larger cup-shaped
branches of renal pelvis
Pg 650
 Renal Pelvis
 Flat expansion of ureter
 Collects urine
Kidney: Microscopic Anatomy
 Functional Unit
 Uriniferous Tubule





Nephron
Collecting tubule
Waste is filtered out
Waste products formed
Located in lobes of
kidneys
pg 652
 Slender tubes transport
Ureters





pg 648
urine
Run from kidneys to
bladder
Retroperitoneal
Continuation of renal
pelvis
Enters bladder at oblique
angle to prevent backflow
Increased pressure in
bladder closes distal end
of ureter
Ureters: 3 Layers
 External: Adventitia
 CT
 Middle: Muscularis
 Smooth Muscle
 Inner Longitudinal
 Outer Circular
 External longitudinal (on
distal third)
 Peristalsis
 Inner: Mucosa
 Transitional epithelium
 Muscular sac store and
Bladder
expel urine
 Location


On pelvic floor
Posterior


Pubic symphysis
Anterior


Males = rectum
Females = vagina, uterus
 Collapses + Expands
 Full  into abdominal cav
 Emptystays in pelvic cav
 Supplied by branches of
internal iliac arteries +
veins
 Innervated = branches of
hypogastric plexus
pg 648
Bladder: Internal Anatomy
trigone
pg 662
 3 Layers
 Mucosa = transitional epithelium & lamina propria
 Detrusor Muscle: smooth muscle


Inner/Outer longitudinal, Middle circular
Fibrous Adventitia = CT

Parietal peritoneum on superior surface instead
Urethra
 Drains urine from bladder to outside
 Female = short tube
 Males = long tube
 Prostatic, Membranous, Spongy (penile) portions
 Also carries semen
 Internal Urethral Sphincter
 Between bladder + urethra
 Thickening of detrusor (smooth muscle)
 External Urethral Sphincter
 Within urogenital diaphragm
 Skeletal muscle = voluntary control urination
 External Urethral Orifice
 Males = end of penile urethra
 Females = anterior to vaginal opening, posterior to clitoris
Urethra: Female vs. Male
pg 662
Micturition = Urination
 Emptying bladder
 Stretch receptors in bladder respond when bladder
full
 Parasympathetic signals detrusor muscle to
contract and internal urinary sphincter to open (also
inhibits sympathetic pathways that would prevent
urination)
 Other brain receptors can inhibit urination by
relaxing detrusor, and keep external urinary
sphincter closed
 Voluntary contraction of abdominal wall muscles
increases abdominal pressure
 Voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
See pg 663
Digestion System
 Alimentary Canal
 Mouth
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestine
 Large Intestine
pg 5
 Accessory Organs
 Teeth, Tongue
 Salivary Glands
 Gallbladder
 Liver
 Pancreas
Food Processing Activities
 Ingestion: taking food into mouth
 Propulsion: food moves through gut
 Swallowing
+ Peristalsis
 Mechanical Digestion: breakdown of food
 Chewing,
Churning, Segmentation
 Chemical Digestion: chemical breakdown
 Enzymes
 Absorption: Digestive end products into
blood
 Defecation: Removal of waste products
Alimentary Canal Wall
 Internal = Mucosa + Submucosa
 Epithelium
 Lamina propria:



contains MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa = CT w/elastic fibers, nerves, vessels
 Middle = Muscularis Externa
 Inner circular layer
 Outer longitudinal layer
 Creates sphincters
 Outer = Serosa or Adventitia
Innervation of Alimentary Canal
 2 Plexuses: Myenteric & Submucosal
 Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, Visceral
Sensory fibers
 Enteric Nervous System
 100 million neurons in walls of alimentary
canal = internal system
 Within above plexuses
 Independent reflex arcs
 Controls glandular secretion, peristalsis,
segmentation
 Autonomic Nervous System speeds up or
slows activity controlled by enteric system
 “J” shape
Stomach
 Cardiac Region
 Junction esophagus
 Cardiac sphincter
(Gastroesophageal)
 Fundus (“dome”)
 Under diaphragm
 Body
 Large, middle part
 Pylorus
 Distal portion
 Pyloric sphincter
Pg 624
 Greater Curvature
 Lesser Curvature
Internal Anatomy of Stomach
 Mucosa
 Rugae: mucosal folds
allow expansion
 Many intrinsic glands



Goblet cells
Gastric glands
Typical Submucosa
 Muscularis externa
 Oblique layer
 Circular layer


Pyloric sphincter
Longitudinal layer
 Serosa
pg 624
Function of Stomach
 Temporary storage of chyme
 Breakdown begins
 Churn, segmentation
 Pepsin proteins
 Absorption
 H2O, electrolytes
 Alcohol, other drugs
 Stays about 4 hours
 Hold from1.5-4 liters
Small Intestine: Parts + Functions
 Parts
 Duodenum = proximal (5%)
 Jejunum = middle (~40%)
 Ileum = distal (~55%)
 Majority of enzymatic digestion
 Bile: emulsifier (gallbladder, liver)
 Enzymes (pancreas)
 Almost all nutrient absorption
 Segmentation
 Moves chyme around to increase contact with
intestine walls
 Food takes about 3-6 hours to move through
 2.7- 6 meters
Small Intestine: Internal Features
 Intestinal flora: produce vitamin K
 Simple columnar epithelium w/many




modifications for absorption
Lymph tissue in submucosa
Muscularis externa has 2 layers
Some parasympathetic innervation from
vagus
Arterial supply:


Superior mesenteric
Rt (cranial) pancreaticoduodenal
Small Intestine: Modifications of
epithelium for absorption
 Length
 Increase surface area
 Plicae circularis
 Transverse ridges of mucosa
 Increase surface area
 Slow movement of chyme
 Villi
 Move chyme, increase contact
 Contain lacteals: remove fat
 Microvilli:
 Increase surface area
 Modifications decrease distally
pg 629
Small Intestine
 Duodenum:
 short, straight
 Mostly retroperitoneal
 Jejunum & Ileum:
 highly coiled
 Fewer modifications
 Hang by mesentery in
peritoneal cavity
 Mesentery Arcades



Pg 614
Arteries + veins
Nerves
Store fat
Large Intestine
 Cecum
 Vermiform appendix
 Colon
 Ascending
 Transverse
 Descending
 Sigmoid
 Rectum
 Anal Canal
pg 631
Large Intestine
 Functions:
 Absorb water and electrolytes
 Form, store and expel feces from body
 Internal Features:
 Intestinal flora
 No intestinal villi or modifications for absorption
 Many goblet cells
 Simple columnar epithelium except lower half of anal canal
 Significant Lymph tissue in mucosa & submucosa
 Muscularis mucosae has 2 layers
 Some parasympathetic innervation from vagus
Colon: External Features
 Taeniae coli
 3 longitudinal strips
 thickening of
longitudinal muscle
 maintain muscle tone
 create haustra
 Haustra
 saclike divisions
 Epiploic Appendages
 fat-filled pouches
 significance unknown
pg 631
Cecum + Vermiform Appendix
 Cecum
 sac-like, blind pouch
 Ileocecal valve
 raised edges of mucosa
 prevents feces going
back into ileum
 Vermiform Appendix
 same layers
 blind tube opens into
cecum
 masses of lymph tissue
pg 631
Colon
 Ascending colon
 Right side
 Hepatic flexure
(= right colic flexure)
 Transverse colon
 Across cavity
 Descending colon
 Left side
 Splenic flexure
(= left colic flexure )
 Sigmoid colon
 Enters pelvis
 “S” shape
pg 631
Colon: Function
 Absorb H2O and electrolytes
 Some digestion by bacteria
 Mass Peristaltic Movements (2-3x day)
 Moves through in 12-24 hours
 1.5 meters
Rectum +
Anal Canal
 Rectum
 descends into pelvis
 no teniae coli
 longitudinal muscle layer
complete
 rectal valves
 Anal Canal
 passes through levator ani
muscle
 releases mucus to lubricate
feces
 Internal anal sphincter


External anal sphincter


pg 632
involuntary, smooth m.
voluntary, skeletal m.
Stratified squamosal
epithelium at lower half
Defecation Reflex
 Stretching of rectum wall initiates reflex
 Spinal cord - parasympathetic signals
sigmoid colon + rectum to contract +
anal sphincter to relax (involuntary)
 If not ready-reflex ends- rectum relaxes
 Reflex initiated again until you go!
 Contraction of abdominal muscles,
levator ani + diaphragm assists
defecation (voluntary)
Liver
pg 610
 Largest gland (3 lbs)
 Location
 Upper Right Quadrant
 Mostly under ribcage
 Highly vascular
 Some functions
 produce bile
 pick up glucose
 detoxify poison, drugs
 make blood proteins
 many others
pg 635
Liver: External Features
 Diaphragmatic surface
 Right lobe (larger)
 Left lobe
 Falciform ligament
 Fissure between
 Visceral surface
 Quadrate lobe
 Caudate lobe
 Both part of left lobe
pg 635
Liver:
Visceral
Surface
pg 636
 Hepatic Vein (into inferior vena cava)
 Porta Hepatis
 Hepatic Artery (from abdominal aorta )
 Hepatic Portal Vein



Carries nutrient-rich blood from stomach + intestines to
liver
Portal system = 2 capillary beds!
Hepatic Ducts (carry bile)
Gallbladder
 Muscular sac
 Between right +
quadrate liver lobes
 Bile is stored +
concentrated
 Bile: breaks down fats
= emulsification
 Bile


pg 610
Produced by liver
Stored in gallbladder
Gallbladder continued
 Mucosa & lamina propria
 Simple columnar epithelium
 Expandable mucosal folds
 Smooth muscle layer
 Thick connective tissue
 Covered by serosa in places
Bile Ducts
 Cystic duct
 carries bile from gallbladder
 Hepatic duct
 carries bile from liver
 Common Bile duct
 joins cystic and hepatic
 carries bile into duodenum
pg 628
Movement
of Bile
pg 628
 Bile secreted by liver
continuously
 Hepatopancreatic
(Vater) ampulla
 common bile + main
pancreatic duct meet
and enter duodenum
 Sphincter of Oddi
around it
 closed when bile not
needed for digestion
 Bile then backs up into
gallbladder via cystic
duct
 When needed
gallbladder contracts,
sphincters open
Pancreas
 Retroperitoneal
 Gland
 Exocrine


digestive enzymes
Endocrine


hormone insulin
hormone glucagon
 Location
 curve of duodenum
 extends to spleen
pg 639
Ducts of Pancreas
 Main Pancreatic duct
 joins common bile
duct
 enters duodenum
 Hepatopancreatic
(Vater) ampulla
 Accessory
Pancreatic duct

pg 628
enters duodenum in
other location
Spleen
 Largest lymph organ
 Highly vascular
 Function
 remove blood-borne
antigens (immune)
 remove and destroy
old/damaged blood
cells
 stores blood platelets
 In fetus: site of
hematopoiesis
pg 639
Arterial Blood Supply to
Abdominal Viscera
 All branches of Abdominal Aorta
 Anastomoses
 Left
+ Middle colic
 Left + Right gastric
 Left + Right gastroepiploic
 Cranial + Caudal pancreaticoduodenal
 Deep Iliac Circumflex + Adrenolumbar
 STUDY HAND OUT! MUST KNOW
WHAT SUPPLIES WHAT!!
Names give hints!
 Hepato = liver
 Epiploic =
 Pancreatico =





pancreas
Cystic = gallbladder
Gastro = stomach
Splenic = spleen
Adreno = adrenal gl
Lumbar = lumbar
region





membrane-covered
Mesenteric =
mesentery
Duodenal =
duodenum
Ileo = ileum
Colic = colon
Rectal = rectum