Transcript Holder DNA September 2008 DNA 101 Women have two X chromosomes Men have one X and one Y every egg cell has an X, and.

Holder DNA
September 2008
DNA 101
Women have two X chromosomes
Men have one X and one Y
every egg cell has an X,
and every sperm cell has an X OR a Y
• So men always get their Y chromosome from
their father
• Traditionally, they also take their father’s
surname
• This means DNA sequences on the Y
chromosome tend to track with the surname
• Some of these sequences mutate over a time
frame that is useful for genealogical tracking
STR markers
• STR = Short Tandem Repeats
ATAG ATAG ATAG ATAG ATAG
Some are more complicated
ATAG
• Slippage of DNA strands during
replication can cause a repeat sequence
to get longer or shorter
Frequency with which this occurs varies among the
STR markers - some are stable, some change rapidly
HOLDER project statistics
• Numbers now go to 58
- 2 who never sent back kits
- 1 who goes through a female Holder
• 7 groups with at least 2 samples
– All these should be valid Holder groups
– Nearly all are associated with southeast U.S.
• 9 single samples that differ from these
– May be valid Holder groups, but need more
samples to compare
Group A
• 9 samples
• Thomas Holder and Susannah Bunch of
Bertie Co. NC
• Westward movement - Orange Co. NC,
Cherokee Co. NC, on to Tennessee,
Alabama, Texas, Florida
Group B
•
•
•
•
5 samples
John Holder (1694-1773) of PA
Three sons moved to NC
Another son’s children moved to New
Brunswick
• From NC, moved to Indiana, Iowa, Colorado
and further west
• “Moravian line” in Bill’s database
Group C
• A single sample
• James Holder & Lucinda Worley,
Indiana, m. 1838
• Descendants in Missouri, Oklahoma
Group D
• 21 samples, which divide into two main
groups plus some outliers
• At least three distinct paper trails back
to the early 1700s
• We’ll return to this group later
Group E
• Single sample
• Paper trail indicates descent from a
female Holder who reverted to her
maiden name after a bad marriage
• Her children’s biological surname may
be MORGAN, but so far haven’t proved
this
NPE = non-paternal event
• Adoption, maybe with no paper record
• Child born out of wedlock
• Husband not the real father of the baby
• Name change for some other reason
Group F
• Single sample
• James Holder b. 1833, Ohio
• Descendants in Missouri, Kansas
Group G
• 2 samples
• Alston Holder, in SC in 1800; later in
Indiana
Group H
• 2 samples
• Abraham Holder, Virginia to
Pennsylvania
• Descendants in Missouri, Pennsylvania
Group I
• Single sample, only 12 markers, and
hasn’t supplied information on ancestry
Group J
• 3 samples
• Sion Holder, Harnett Co. NC
Group K
• 2 samples
• Thomas Peyton Holder, Alabama
• Descendants in Mississippi, Michigan
Do you get the feeling this is
?
Group L
• 1 sample
• James Martin Holder, South Carolina to
Georgia
Group M
• 1 sample, only 12 markers
• Family originally from Barbados, later
Trinidad
Group N
• 1 sample
• Suffolk, England (our only English donor
so far)
• But DNA profile is typical of Siberia!
Group O
• 1 sample, only 12 markers
• No genealogical data yet
Group P
• 1 sample
• William Holder, Lincoln Co. TN and
Madison Co. AL
Group Q
• 1 sample, tested at a different company
so results don’t exactly line up with
FTDNA samples
• Jeptha Holder of Randolph Co. NC - but
we have another putative descendant of
Jeptha who is in group D
• Group D seems more likely based on
migration patterns
Group R
• 1 sample, newest participant
• Don’t have ancestry yet, but he doesn’t
match anyone else
An aside on Haplogroups
• Ancient origins
• Can be predicted by overall pattern of
STR markers
• Confirm by “deep clade” test
• Not useful for recent genealogy, but
may be helpful in working back to
origins outside the U.S.
R1b haplogroup
• By far the most common in the British Isles
• May find coincidental matches
• Recommend expanding to 67 markers
• Holder family groups A, C, D, E, J and P
I haplogroups
• Most common in Scandinavia
• Several distinct subgroups
• 25 markers are enough to distinguish from
R1b types, but more may be desirable to help
sort out lines within a family
• Holder family groups: H,K,L (most common
type); also B, G and Q (more unusual types)
R1a haplogroup
• More common in eastern Europe, but
still significant in the British Isles
• Holder family group F
Where do we go from here?
• More tests for existing donors
• Recruit more donors in current groups
• Try to cross the pond
– Very little response so far from England
– Suspicious of our intentions
– Not willing to pay for tests
Group A recommendations
• Samples 004 and 017 could expand
from 37 to 67 markers; would establish
if they are identical over all 67 markers
and provide a basis for later work
• Paper research is likely to be more
productive than DNA for now, however
Group D problems
• How far back does the split between D1
and D2 go?
• Can we find a way to distinguish
between descendants of the three main
D2 progenitors?
D ancestor - before 1700
D2-D4
D1
DYS19 = 15
DYS19 = 14
D1a,b,e
D1c,d
D2a
D2b,c
DYS439=12
DYS439 ► 13
DYS464d=16
DYS464d ► 20
Subgroups are defined by
single marker changes
Insufficient data to determine
when these occurred
D2b
D2c
DYS458=16
DYS458 ► 17
Insufficient data to tell
where D3 and D4 diverged
D ancestor - before 1700
D2-D4
D1
DYS19 = 15
DYS19 = 14
D1a,b,e
D1c,d
D2a
D2b,c
DYS439=12
DYS439 ► 13
DYS464d=16
DYS464d ► 20
005, 033
William Presley 1780
TN to MO, TX
018 Jeptha 1784
Randolph Co. NC
019 Gabriel 1768
Russell Co. KY
021, 035
Davis?
009 John 1744 (Col.)
VA to KY to MS
White Co. TN
John 1749 (Agnes)
VA to AL to AR
D2b
008 Solomon 1774 DYS458=16
NC to SC to TN
045, 047 Bledsoe 1783
055 Hawkins 1800
037 Elisha G. 1813
054 Jesse P. 1829
SC to MS, TX
D2c
DYS458 ► 17
022, 046, 050(?)
Solomon 1770
SC to TN
Franklin Co.
Group D recommendations
• More markers needed for as many people as
possible
• One more more D1s expand to 67 markers
• Palindromic pack test for D2c group (#s 022,
046, 050
• #040 needs to expand to at least 25 markers
Adding to the web site
• More complete summaries of families
• Migration maps for each group
• Other suggestions?