Transcript OTHER TECHNOLOGIES     PV Systems (Solar) Radiant Heat Heat Recovery Units Variable Frequency Drives     Compact Fluorescent Bulbs Occupancy Sensors Micro Hydro Drip Irrigation.

OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
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PV Systems (Solar)
Radiant Heat
Heat Recovery Units
Variable Frequency
Drives
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Compact Fluorescent
Bulbs
Occupancy Sensors
Micro Hydro
Drip Irrigation
Solar Resources – Total & Diffuse
Semi-Conductor Physics
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PV technology uses semi-conductor
materials to convert photon energy to
electron energy
Many PV devices employ
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Silicon (multi-crystalline, amorphous or single)
Other electrically active semiconductor materials
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Cadmium telluride, gallium asenide, CIS, etc.
Historic PV modules
price/cost decline
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1958: ~$1,000 / Watt
1970s: ~$100 / Watt
1980s: ~$10 / Watt
1990s: ~$3-6 / Watt
2000-2006:
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~$1.8-2.5/ Watt (cost)
~$3.50-4.75/ Watt (price)
~$6.75-8.45/Watt (installed)
PV system types
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Grid Interactive – and BIPV
Stand Alone
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Irrigation Pumping / Livestock Watering Troughs
Cathodic Protection
Battery Back-Up Stand Alone
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Refrigeration
Communications
Rural Electrification
Lighting
How Large a System do You Need?
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Method:
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First Determine Electric Use (try to reduce 1st)
Determine Solar Resource (SP, model, calcs)
Select PV Modules or
Select DC-AC Inverter
Assure Module Strings Voc and Isc meet inverter
specifications (for max and mins)
Estimate Your Production (1200 kWh/ kW-DC)
Grid-interactive roof mounted
NJ Solar (PV) Incentives
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NJ Clean Energy Program
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$3.80/watt rebate for grid connected systems up
to 10kW (Smaller rebates above 10kW)
Net Metering to 2MW
Solar Renewable Energy Certificates
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NJ RPS requires 2 MW 2004  90 MW 2008
27 MW currently installed in the state
Currently trading between $110-260/MWh
NJCEP Rebates
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Solar Electric Systems 2006 (PV
Rebates) *
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System Size
0 to 10,000 watts
10,001 to 40,000w
40,001 to 100,000w
100,001 to 500,000
500,001 to 700,000
$3.80/watt
$2.75/watt
$2.50/watt
$2.25/watt
$2.00/watt
* - Reduce by ITC if eligible and to 85% of value for self-install
Recent Trades of SRECs ($/MWhr)
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Month
Max
Min
Cum Av
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Oct 06
Nov 06
Dec 06
$250
$260
$260
$160
$110
$110
$206
$198
$196
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Solar PV - Practical Information
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Approx South Facing Roof or field
Roof angles from 20-50 degrees
Less than 200’ from loads
Every 70 square feet of area can yield up to
1000 kWh per year in New Jersey
Radiant Heat
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Radiant heat is based on the concept of
circulating hot water through the walls or floor of
your greenhouse evenly distributing warmth in a
clean, quiet and efficient way.
This type of system is a good alternative given a
building that has conventional insulating, large
open spaces and tall ceilings, when air flushing
is common (i.e. garage) and when population
allergy sensitivities are high.
Radiant Heat
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The system works on the principal of circulating
hot water throughout the area to be heated.
The water is pushed through an expansive
network of tubing designed to efficiently tunnel the
heat to your living areas.
In this system the heat is concentrated at ground
level and filtered up to make for a comfortable
climate all around.
Radiant Heat
Radiant Heat Advantages
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The heat is evenly distributed throughout the
room.
Each room can be specifically set to a certain
temperature.
This system is also quieter and more efficient with
an average savings of 15-20% than that of forced
air.
There is a significant decrease in dry heat which
removes the humidity out of the air making radiant
heat a more comfortable alternative.
Heat Recovery Units
(HRU)
Heating, Venting, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
 Vapor compression cycle
 Terribly inefficient (η < 75%)
 Best known design
 Energy dissipates as heat
 Recover Energy
 Heat water - Therma-stor™
 Heat air - Fantech™
Therma-stor™
Fantech™
 Case Studies
 Dairy farms use hot water to
clean equipment
 HRU preheats water which
reduces work done by water
heater
 Economic Summary
Power
Demand
(kWh/yr)
Annual
Savings
Installation
Cost
Payback
(Years)
No
HRU
16,333
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HRU
5,781
$579
$2,861
5.0
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
Resolved old problems
Heat Generation
Harmonics
Noise
Reliability
Common applications
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Global Electric Market - Pumps (22%), Fans (16%)
Other Benefits
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Increases equipment’s lifespan
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Reduced wear leads to reduced maintenance
Lighting Technologies
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Incandescent vs. Compact Fluorescent
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CFL’s use 2/3 less energy to operate
Last 10 times longer than incandescent
Save $30 over the lifetime of the bulb
Generate 70% less heat
Occupancy Sensors
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Lighting accounts for
approximately 30 – 50% of a
building’s power consumption
By turning off unnecessary
lighting could reduce lighting
consumption by 45%
Senses movement or lack of
movement in a room and
consequently turns on or off
the lights
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Rebates
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Wall mounted ($20 per
control)
Remote mounted ($35 per
control)
Daylight dimmers ($25 per
fixture controlled)
Occupancy controlled hilow fluorescent controls
($25 per fixture controlled)
Micro-Hydro Power
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Hydropower is based on the principal that
flowing and falling water have kinetic
energy.
A water wheel or a turbine turns this energy
into mechanical energy and then into
electricity by an electric generator.
Micro-hydro systems generate power on
the scale of 5 kW to 100 kW.
Micro-Hydro Power
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Best areas for this system: steep rivers flowing all
year round and areas with high year round
rainfall.
Water flow is greater around winter time and
photovoltaic systems are at their lowest point of
efficiency. Due to this, many micro hydropower
systems are complimented with photovoltaic
systems to balance out these deficiencies.
Micro-Hydro Typical Setup
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Intake Weir- Located
upstream to divert flow of
water into the channel.
Channel- transports water
from intake weir to forebay
tank.
Forebay Tank- filters debris
and prevents it from being
drawn into turbine and
penstock pipe.
Penstock Pipe- carries the
water from forebay tank to
the powerhouse.
Powerhouse- where turbine
and generator convert
waterpower into electricity.
Micro-Hydro Power
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Theoretical power produced depends on the flow
rate of the water, vertical height that the water
falls and the acceleration of gravity through the
equation:
P=Q*H*c
Where P is in units of watts, Q is the flow rate in
m3/sec, H is the vertical height in meters and c is
the product of the density of water and gravity in
kg/m3 and 9.81 m/s2 respectively.
Drip Irrigation
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A replacement for overhead irrigation, which is
only 40% to 45% efficient
Has potential to irrigate at 80% to 95% efficiency
May improve upon product quality and crop yield
per acre if designed, operated, and maintained
properly
Drip Irrigation Benefits
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Reduces water use by application directly to
areas of a plant where it is needed most
Water will not have the same opportunity to be
blown away or evaporated into the atmosphere as
with overhead irrigation
Energy usage and losses due to friction are
reduced because less pressure and velocity are
required while using drip (15 psi to 30 psi as
opposed to up to 100 psi for overhead irrigation)
Drip Irrigation Benefits (continued)
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Reduces chances for disease since water is
applied to the ground and does not lay stagnant
on top of crops
Systems are automated and sensor controlled
Reduced watering time
This results in lower carbon emissions (for diesel
pumping) and energy demand during peak
summer hours
Drip Irrigation Cost and Savings
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$700 to $1200 per acre installation cost
Approximately $150 savings per year per acre
This amount is rising due to all of the following:
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Decreasing availability of water due to population sprawl
Rising costs of a kilowatt hour and demand charges
Payback period is approximately six years
however, increased product quality and yield per
acre may decrease the payback period
For More Information
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Case studies of these other technologies
are available
http://www.rowan.edu/cleanenergy
Contact Rowan University Clean Energy:
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[email protected] or (856) 256-5300