Transcript The role of REDD+ Patricia Gorin, FAO Rome Vientiane, 30 Aug 2011

The role of REDD+
Patricia Gorin, FAO Rome
Vientiane, 30 Aug 2011
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
What is REDD+?
Agriculture?
Other land-use types?
Conservation
Sustainable Management of Forests
Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks
Reducing Emissions from Forest
Degradation
Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation in Developing Countries
AFOLU
REDD+
REDD
Why is REDD+ important?
aims to compensate countries for reducing their
deforestation rates compared to a defined baseline
has been long discussed in the definition of CDM
rules already, but came back into discussions in 2005
now back on all agendas, on the road to be included
into post 2012 UNFCCC measures
Tropical Deforestation is not covered by the current climate regime
13 million ha per year is deforested contributing up to 17% of
global emissions
The Deforestation is largest source of emissions in the developing
world (2nd largest source after fossil fuel)
REDD concept
GHG emissions
GHG emissions
Business-as-usual
scenario
without project
= Baseline
Business-as-usual
scenario
without project
= Baseline
Project
commissioned
Project start
Emission
Reductions
Emission level
with project
Emission
Reductions
Time
Red = baseline, emission level
without project
Baseline = Business as Usual Scenario, Scenario in the absence of the project
Emission level
REDD+
UN-REDD (UNDP-UNEP-FAO) Program
$ 112.5 M
Strategy work areas:
1
MRV and monitoring
2
National REDD+ governance
3
Stakeholders engagement
4
Multiple benefit
5
Transparent, equitable and accountable management
6
Sector transformation
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
REDD+ and UNCCD
•
•
•
•
Mandate of the UNCCD: to combat land degradation and
desertification, and to promote SLM and rural development
in drought-prone areas
Deforestation in drylands significantly increases the risk of
soil degradation and desertification
Land degradation, particularly unsustainable land
management practices and deforestation, are major
contributors to the increase in GHG in the atmosphere
REDD may provide a unique opportunity to fund measures
aiming at ongoing degradation of forestlands in arid and
semi-arid areas
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
Deforestation trends
Country
13 M ha deforested annually
Mainly in South America, Southeast
Asia, West & Central Africa
Brazil
Indonesia
Sudan
Myanmar
DR Congo
Zambia
Tanzania
Nigeria
Zimbabwe
Venezuela
Other 68 countries
Deforested area
Trend
(1000 ha/y, average
1990-2005)
1990-2000
to 2000-05
2,822
1,872
589
467
461
445
412
410
313
288
3,257
↑
–
–
–
↓
–
–
–
–
–
?
Potential for drylands
Payments in carbon markets would be based on carbon
content of ecosystems
Carbon contents of forests vary widely
Cambodia: average 80 t C/ha
Sudan: average 6 t C/ha
Potential for drylands
• Potential rewards from REDD vary proportionally:
Countries / areas with predominantly arid forests
would gain very little from REDD
However, these are areas most at risk from land
degradation and desertification!
Solutions?
Rewards for REDD not exclusively based on carbon
Maximise funds raised through market-based approach
Co-financing from non-carbon funds
Other?
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
REDD eligibility
Voluntary markets!
VCS: Voluntary Carbon Standard
CCX: Chicago Climate Exchange
VER+: Verified Emission Reductions Standards
REDD+ in the Carbon
Markets
REDD+ in the Carbon
Markets
Official UN REDD scheme and markets only after 2012
Several large pilot schemes already underway
Voluntary markets for avoided deforestation already
exist  can generate carbon finance now with pilot
projects
Voluntary markets can prepare a country for REDD
Can help set up necessary institutions (e.g.,
transparent management, monitoring, dedicated
government divisions)
Projects could be integrated in national REDD strategy
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
International negociations
on REDD+
2005
2007
2009
2010
• COP 11 in Montreal
• PNG and Costa Rica: Proposal for "compensated reductions" in deforestation rates
• COP 11 agreed to launch a consideration process and tasked SBSTA with it (RED)
•SBSTA work on technical and methodological issues, policy approaches & positive incentives
•COP 13 decision “Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to
stimulate action“ -> REDD part of the Bali Action Plan, pilot projects
•Since Bali, REDD expanded from only being a SBSTA item to entering the AWG-LCA negotiation
track
•No decision in Copenhagen, but REDD among most advanced topics
• Cancun agreement:
• Clearly states that REDD+ is not only about reducing emissions but halting and reversing forest loss
• Encourages all countries to find effective ways to reduce the human pressures on forests that result in
greenhouse gas emissions
• Provides countries with guidance on REDD+ readiness
SBSTA: Subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice
AWG-LCA: Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention
Cancún
Reinforced REDD+
Continue to seek a legally
binding agreement on second
commitment period, South
Africa >>> ongoing
Action Framework on adaptation
New programme on technology
transfer
Green Fund
World Bank trustee, independent
board
100 B $/ pledged until 2020 ~
$ 10B/year (?)
Pilot countries and observators
29 partners countries, from which 9 + 3
pilot countries
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
Deforestation & Degradation
Drivers
But:
High opportunity costs of
sustainable forest use and
conservation relative to other
land uses and commodities
Weak governance
– Policy coherence / will
– Capacities, resources
– Contradicting legal frameworks
– Transparency / accountability
– Ownership, participation
Remote, marginal areas
– Land tenure
– Illegal logging
– Enforcement / impunity
Content
 Context and Definitions of REDD+
 Importance of REDD+ for UNCCD & SLM
 REDD+ potential worldwide and for drylands
 REDD+ eligibility in the carbon markets &
existing projects
 REDD+ in the international negotiation arena
 Drivers of deforestation and degradation
 Phases and financing REDD+
REDD+ phasing
I.
• Countries to develop National REDD+
Strategies to address FDD drivers and
to build capacities (readiness)
II.
• Implementation phase – capacity
building – MRV - and payments for
demonstrated reduction results
III.
• Full scale implementation: performance
based payments for verified emission
reduction and removal
REDD+ finance
Estimated need: $ 23-38 B to
reduce annual deforestation 25%
(3.2 M ha / year):
 3.5 B$ preparatory activities
(readiness)
 20-35 B$ performance based
payments for emission
reduction
 at least~ 4 B$ / year until
2015
(UNFCCC-Informal Working Group on Interim
Finance, October 2009)
Oslo REDD+ Partnership: 4.5 B US$
pledged for “fast start” activities
Mitigation costs
REDD+: 2– 4 $/t CO2
Industrial CO2 capture
and storage: $ 75-115 / t
REDD+ can be achieved
relatively cheaply, could
reduce the cost of global
action by 40%
REDD+ is a key
component in the
UNFCCC negociations
towards major financing
transactions
What’s new?
Current “mitigation aid”
around 8 B $/year.
Difference: REDD+
finance needs would
Increase
substantially the
investment in
governance and
national capacity
building
Governance is the main
challenge
Of the countries participating in UN-REDD and FCPF, 83% are rated as
having unstable business climates and 13% are rated as highly risky.
Possible “first” impacts
Improved policy coherence
– Investment climate for agriculture,
energy, infrastructure,
environment, forestry, others
Governance
– institutional capacities
– law enforcement, certainty
Landscape impact
– Land use planning
– Tenure regulation
Thanks!
Patricia Gorin
Patricia Gorin
Climate Change and Environment Officer
Climate Change and Environment Officer
FAO Rome, Investment Centre (TCID)
FAO Rome, Centre d’investissement
[email protected]
[email protected]