Introduction to labour statistics Introduction to labour statistics • • • • • • • • • What are labour statistics Role of labour statistics Context of labour statistics Minimum programme Other common topics Sources Phases of.

• Statistics: estimates of population parameters – In 2006, the gross activity rate of women in Egypt was 14.5%, in Ethiopia 41.7%, in Colombia 36.6, in Australia 46.4% and in the Cayman Islands 66.6.

• Information: – The participation of women in the labour market in Egypt is very low, and high in the Cayman Islands.

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 4

Statistical units observed

• Persons • Establishments • Posts • Jobs • Households International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 5

Levels

• Persons: – How many work: Employment – How many look for work – Unemployment • Establishments – How many are there – How many posts are not filled - vacancies International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 6

Characteristics

• Workers – The type of work they do - occupations – The type of establishment they work in - industries – The type of contract - status in employment – Hazardousness of their work – occupational injuries and diseases – Their voice – union density and representation – Social security coverage • Establishments – The type of employer - institutional sector – The size of establishment – Where they work - place of work International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 7

Structure or distribution

• Workers – Sex: How many are women, men – Age: How many are young, old, etc. – Civil status: How many are married, single, etc.

– Occupation – Industry – Status in employment – etc.

• Establishments – By size of establishment – By industry – etc.

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 8

Contributions

• Workers – The hours they work – The income they earn • Establishments – Their outputs and inputs International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 9

Categorised by:

Institutional Sector Industry (ISIC) Location

Categorized by:

Occupation Part-or full-time Pay system Collective agreements Employment creation schemes

Conceptual Framework for a Labour Employers Accounting System

Establishments, households which employ servants and self-employed persons

Households Posts

Sets of tasks and terms of employment

JOBS

(Implicit or explicit contractual relationships between persons and employment)

Persons Categorized by:

Location Type

Categorized by:

Age Sex Nationality Ethniticy Union membership Education Past occupation Work desires Whether on employment register

Vacant posts Filled posts Hours actually worked Hours paid for Employed persons Unemployed persons Persons outside the labour force, of whom: In training Statistics

of number, pay and hours by Employer and/or post categories

Statistics

of number, pay and hours by Employer and/or post categories

Statistics

of number by Employer, post, household and/or person categories

Statistics

of number, pay and hours by Employer, post, household and/or person categories

Statistics

number of by Household and/or person categories and of non-economic activities

Statistics

of number by Household and/or person categories and on non-economic activities 10

Note:

International Labour Office

« Numbers » means stocks at a point in time, average over a time period or total over a period (for flows, e.g., hours actually worked or paid

Bureau of Statistics

Role of Labour Statistics

• Source of information about the economic activity • Statistics should – Inform users – Be the basis for labour market analysis – Be the basis for political decision making – Be the basis for improving statistics International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 11

Context of Labour Statistics

• Part of a national statistical programme

– Part of social and economic statistics – Interrelated with statistics in other fields: Education, Health, Production

• Part of the national labour market information system

– Used to describe and analyse the labour market functioning – Includes laws and regulations, research reports, case studies, etc.

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 12

Context of Labour Statistics

Economic Statistics

Labour Statistics

Social Statistics International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 13

Context of Labour Statistics

National Statistical programme

National programme for labour statistics

National System of Labour Market Information International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 14

Minimum programme: Convention 160 (1985)

• Economically active population, employment

unemployment

and underemployment

• Earnings

and hours actually worked

•

• Wage rates

and normal hours of work

• Consumer price indices

Household income and expenditure

Occupational injuries

and

diseases

• Strikes and lockouts • Other topics International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 15

Employment

• At work – « Work » for at least one hour – For wage or salary, profit or family gain, cash or kind • With a paid job but not at work – Have already worked in the job – With a formal job attachment (continued receipt of wage or salary, assurance of return to work, limited duration of absence) • With an enterprise but not at work – Limited duration of absence – Continued existence of enterprise International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 16

Unemployment

• Without work • Currently available for work – Persons who cannot work in near future – Persons who need to carry out arrangements prior to work (child care, find a house,…) • Seeking work – Formal steps – Informal steps – Steps to seek self-employment • Special case: future starts, laid off workers International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 17

Reference periods

Seeking work period Date of interview Refer ence week Availability period International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 18

Relaxed definition

• Reasons: – Unorganised labour market – Limited scope of labour market – Inadequate labour absorption – Restricted labour mobility – Significant self employment • Examples: discouraged workers, seasonal workers awaiting the busy season • Options: – Valid reasons for not seeking work: cannot find work, no work is available, etc.

– Desire to work International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 19

Underemployment

Underutilisation of the productive capacity of the employed population in relation to alternative work situation

Time related under employment :

insufficient hours of work

Inadequate employment: inadequate use of capacities

Income related, skill related International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 20

Time-related underemployment

• Willing to work additional hours – Wants/sought – To work more hours in another job, in the same job, in additional job • Available to work additional hours – Is ready to work additional hours – Within a specified subsequent period – Given actual work opportunities • Worked less than a threshold of hours – Hours actually worked in all jobs – Threshold: national definitions International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 21

Inadequate employment situations

• Willing to – Change their current work situation – Make changes to work activities/environment • For specific reasons: – Inadequate use and mismatch of occupational skills – Inadequate income in current job(s) – Excessive hours of work – Others: precarious job(s), … • AVAILABLE to change their current work situation (optional) International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 22

Adopted by the 12 th ICLS in 1973

Earnings

Allowances Bonuses paid every pay period Bonuses paid less frequently

Relates to pay which is regularly provided by employers to employees

Basic pay Pay in kind Pay Profit-related for time pay not worked

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 23

Hours actually worked

• Concept: the time spent in a job for the performance of activities that contribute to the production of goods and services • Components – Direct hours spent on tasks and duties of the job – Related hours – time spent maintaining, facilitation or enhancing productive activities – Down time – time that cannot be worked due to breakdowns – Resting time – short periods of rest International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 24

Wage rates

Adopted by the 12 th ICLS in 1973 Relates to the price of labour per unit of time or output - as negotiated between employees and employers

Allowances Basic pay Pay in kind

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 25

Normal hours of work

• Concept: the amount of time for which the negotiated price of labour (wage rate) is paid • Definition: The hours of work fixed by or in pursuance of laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitral awards to be performed in a specified paid-employment job International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 26

Income of households

All receipts whether monetary or in kind that are received by the household at annual or more frequent intervals • Main determinant of the level of living of individuals, households and of the economic level of a nation • Includes … – Income related to employment - most important element of income for most persons – Income from property (including financial and non-financial assets and royalties) – Transfers International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics

Occupational injuries

• Any personal injury, disease or death resulting from an occupational accident • Occupational accident: an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death – Includes acts of violence – Includes travel, transport or road traffic accidents in which workers are injured and which arise out or in the course of work – While engaged in an economic activity, or at work, or carrying on the business o the employer International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 28

Occupational diseases

• Disease contracted as a result of an exposure over a period of time to risk factors arising from work activity International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 29

Informal sector definition

Adopted by the 15th ICLS in 1993

Subset of households enterprises

(unincorporated enterprises owned by households) – SNA concept

The informal sector and related concepts

Informal own account enterprises

Other own account enterprises Own-account enterprises

Enterprises of informal employers

Informal sector enterprises

Other enterprises of employers Enterprises of employers Other household International Labour Office enterprises Bureau of Statistics 31

Institutional sectors of the SNA

Non financial corporations Financial corporations General government Non-profit institutions serving households Households •Not constituted as separate legal entities •No complete accounts available •At least some goods or services produced are meant for sale or barter •But may include households producing domestic or personal services, employing paid domestic 32 Bureau of Statistics

Informal own-account enterprises

• Depending on national circumstances: • Either all own-account enterprises • Or only those which are not registered under specific forms of national legislation International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 33

Enterprises of informal employers

• Defined in terms of one or more of the following 3 criteria : • Small size of the establishment in terms of employment • Non-registration of the enterprise (defined in the same way as for informal own-account enterprises) • Non-registration of its employees International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 34

Treatment of particular cases

• Restricted to economic activities, i.e. activities included in the System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary • Excludes agricultural and related activities • Excludes non-market production • Excludes paid domestic workers • Rural areas included International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 35

The informal sector and related concepts

Statistically unrecorded activities Informal sector Hidden economy International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 36

Informal employment

•

• Adopted by the 17 th ICLS as a guideline • To complement statistics of the informal sector • Characteristic of jobs

Definition

Relationship with the informal sector

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 37

Jobs by status in employment Production units by type

Own-account workers

Informal Formal

Employers

Informal Formal

Contributing family workers

Informal

Employees

Informal Formal

Members of producers’ cooperatives

Informal Formal Formal sector enterprises 1 2 Informal sector enterprises (a) 3 4 5 6 7 8 Households (b) 9 10

(a) As defined by the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (excluding households employing paid domestic workers). (b) Households producing goods exclusively for their own final use and households employing paid domestic workers.

Bureau of Statistics

Own account workers

Will be classified in informal employment if • They work in the informal sector (cell 3) • They produce goods exclusively for their own final use (cell 9) • Own account workers who work in the formal sector are in formal employment • It is not possible for own account workers to work in the formal sector and have an informal job • It is not possible for own account workers to produce goods exclusively for their own final use to have a formal job International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 39

Employers

• Will be classified in informal employment if they work in the informal sector • Employers who work in the formal sector are in formal employment • It is not possible for an employer to work in the formal sector and have an informal job • It is not possible for an employer to produce goods exclusively for their own final use International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 40

Contributing family workers • All contributing family workers are in informal employment • Whether they work in the formal or informal sector

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 41

Employees

Employees will be in informal employment if they satisfy a combination of the following: • They are not protected by labour legislation • They do not declare income tax • They are not covered by social security • They do not receive work-related benefits (e.g., vacations, sick leave, severance pay, etc.) Whether they work in the formal or informal sectors or work as paid domestic workers in households International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 42

Members of producers’ cooperatives

• Will be classified in informal employment if they work in the informal sector • Members of producers’ cooperatives who work in the formal sector are in formal employment • It is not possible for a member of producers’ cooperatives to work in the formal sector and have an informal job International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 43

Informal employment/informal sector/informal economy

Informal sector

Informal employment Informal employment in the formal and

Informal

in the informal sector household

Informal economy

sectors

employment

Formal employment in the informal sector International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 44

Sources of labour statistics

•

Three types of sources

How the information is obtained

Sample frames

Main characteristics

Strengths and limitations

Summing up

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 45

Three types of sources

• Surveys of Households or Persons

Surveys of Establishments

Administrative Sources

 Total count, probability sample-based or purposive – Censuses – Surveys International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 46

Types of household surveys

• Population census • General household surveys • Labour Force surveys • Income and expenditure surveys • Child labour surveys • Opinion polls • Panel surveys International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 47

Types of establishment surveys

• Establishment census of production • Establishment surveys of production • Employment and earnings surveys • Occupational employment and vacancy surveys • Informal sector surveys International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 48

Types of administrative sources

• Social security registers • Employment service registers • Labour inspection registers • Tax registers • Worker and Employer registers International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 49

How the information is obtained

Household surveys Establish ment surveys Administra tive registers Informant

Household member Payroll or other register

Recall or direct observa tion

Yes Sometimes

Written register Regularly updated Interpr eted Directl y used On re quest

No No Some times Yes Some times Some times Register No Yes Some times International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics No 50

Sample frames

• For household-based surveys – Last census – Maps – Registers (e.g., of taxes, subscribers to electric services, electorate registers, telephone directories, of persons) • For establishment-based surveys – Establishment Census – Enterprise registers – Tax registers – Subscribers to electric services, chambers of commerce, operating permits – Ad hoc lists International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 51

Main characteristics

Range of data Operational definition Refe rence period Households

 Persons in employment, unemployment, underemployment, hours of work, income, etc.

 Data on personal and family situation of workers.

Designed to fit statistical definition Short

Establish ments

 Number of filledd posts, payment received, hours paid/worked, occupation, industry, etc.

 Not always information on sex of workers nor on other personal and family situation of workers.

Designed to be useful for payment or other internal purpose Long

Administ rative records Worker coverage

 Total residents  May exclude armed forces, child and older workers, persons in institutional dwellings, migrant workers …  Regular salaried employees in medium and large establishments  May exclude managerial and peripheral staff  Persons seeking employment or receiving unemployment benefits, persons registered at the social security body, registered or declared income, registered hours of work, occupation, industry, etc.

 Usually no data on workers ’ personal or family situation Designed to be useful for administrative purposes Long  Workers covered by registers, generally full time employees in the formal sector 52 International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics

Strengths and limitations

Strengths Limitations Households Establishments

 Comprehensive coverage of population  Detailed questioning permits precise measurement of statistical concepts for short reference periods  Sampling prevents reliable estimates for small groups  Lower quality of data on income, “ sensitive ” and employer-related topics  Cannot provide estimates of vacancies, training needs, etc  Expensive    Comprehensive coverage of larger business but poor coverage of very small and unregistered businesses Payroll records provide consistent and reliable data for income and employment by industry Only source for data on vacancies, training needs, etc  Requires constant updating of registers (births and deaths)  Difficult identification of small or informal units  High non-response rates  Sampling prevents reliable estimates for small groups  Data items are limited by the information in establishment ’ s registers

Administrative records

 Total count allows maximum detail  Inexpensive to compile statistics  Often poor coverage  Expensive to maintain up to date  International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 53

Summing up • Coverage of workers • Coverage of topics • Response errors • Detail in information



No single data source can meet all needs



Use all available sources as components of overall system of labour statistics



Know the source(s) of statistics; be aware of strengths and limitations

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 54

Phases of statistical production

• Setting up definitions and classifications – Objectives – Topics and degree of detail – Definitions, classifications – Questionnaire or form, including instructions – Sample design and selection • Collecting and processing the relevant information – Data collection – Processing of information, including quality checks, adjustments and creation of variables • Disseminating the resulting statistics – Tables, graphs and micro data International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 55

General requirements of labour statistics

• Should provide an accurate and complete description of the labour market • Each stage of the production process should address the fact that actors in the labour market are different • Questions to ask: – Are topics relevant to all workers measured? – Do definitions/classifications reflect the different work situations of ALL workers?

– Do methodologies ensure that ALL work situations are identified?

– Do tables and graphs highlight these differences and their causes ?

International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 56

Dissemination of statistics

• Consider all means of dissemination – Paper or computer readable form, internet – Tables or graphical presentation • Importance of the press – Rapid press releases receive wide attention quickly – No cost to statistical office International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics 57

Introduction to labour statistics Introduction to labour statistics • • • • • • • • • What are labour statistics Role of labour statistics Context of labour statistics Minimum programme Other common topics Sources Phases of.

Transcript Introduction to labour statistics Introduction to labour statistics • • • • • • • • • What are labour statistics Role of labour statistics Context of labour statistics Minimum programme Other common topics Sources Phases of.