Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 Vulnerability of the economy and guardianship Tom Vander Beken 11th Annual Conference of.
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Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 Vulnerability of the economy and guardianship Tom Vander Beken 11th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology – Rethinking crime and punishment in Europe Panel Session New developments in guardianship research Vilnius 23 September 2011 www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 1 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 Overview 1. 2. 3. 4. Vulnerability studies Convergence and guardians and complex crimes Triangles and other geometry Conclusies www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 2 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 1. Vulnerability studies a. Background b. Set up and theoretical frame c. Vulnerability 2003 d. Vulnerability 2011 www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 3 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 a. Background Organised crime assessments and their focus on perpetrators and what they do – strong law enforcement bias – backward looking/prevention Choice for a more environmental approach: vulnerabilities in the task environment of (organised) crime provide opportunies for crime – focus on the economic environment (organised crime as profit driven crime). Theoretical background of the studies vague: opportunity studies in general – inspired by the work of Albanese (high risk business conditions), Ruggiero, Levi & Naylor, Reuter,… www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 4 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 b. Set up and theoretical frame Development of a frameworks/models to assess vulnerability of economic sectors: 1. 2003-2005: deductive approach – criminological indicators/economical information: diamonds (2003), European transport (2005), European waste disposal (2005), European music sector, European farmaceutical sector, fashion Milan (2007), taxi Netherlands (2007) 2. 2008-2011: (more) inductive approach – definition & indicators from fieldwork: horeca (2011) and transport (2011) www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 5 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 c. Vulnerability 2003 threshold nature of the product international context regulations and enforcement product integrity product mobility product elasticity Alternative markets Economic market product differentiatio n compability / flexibility stability of the value enforcement legal alternatives concentration & structure regulations quantity Market type quality black markets required capability saturation competition quantity knowledge Acces to production factors quality experience contacts work raw materials capital www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 6 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 d. Vulnerability 2011 Vulnerability to crime Pre-crime conditions Opportunities Post-crime conditions Inadequate controls Lack of recovery Lack of adaptation Lack of communication on Weak financial Inadequate sector No financial back- situation of enterprise entrance checks ups crime risks Lack of crime Lack of key No redundancy/ Lack of employees prevention measures positions checks back-up in business awareness systems Inadequate legislation www.ircp.org Lack of business No contingency/ No flexibility in partnership checks continuity planning enterprise structures Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 7 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 2. Convergence and guardians and complex crimes Crime: Fraud, trafficking,…? Convergence space and time: Quid complex crimes? Target/victim: Consensual crimes, changing targets? Victim-offenders-facilitators? Guardian: Complex/organised crime? « incapable guardianship » www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 8 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 3. Triangles and other geometrical figures a. Felson b. Crime scripting www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 9 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 a. Felson “The routine activity approach is not doctrinaire. I think we should begin with the simplest model and the simplest crimes, then elaborate. Like math starting with points, then lines, then areas. Squares then rectangles then trapezoids.” (Felson, 2011) www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 10 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 b. Crime scripting Different guardians at different points in time? www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 11 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 d. Kritieken www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 12 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 d. Kritieken offender place www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium target/victim guardian [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 13 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 5b. Risk, threat, harm and vulnerability THREAT (criminals) RISK VULNERABILITY (environment) HARM (society) www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 14 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 3. Tweede generatie kwetsbaarheidsanalyses www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 15 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 a. Kwetsbaarheid anders geconceptualiseerd www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 16 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 b1. Toepassingen: transport ? www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 17 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 b2. Toepassingen: horeca www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 18 Tom Vander Beken – vulnerability and guardianship - Vilnius, 23 September 2011 4. Enkele conclusies www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [email protected] T +32 (0)9 264 69 39, F +32 (0)9 264 84 93 19