Transcript Making Right Choices: A Framework for Sustainability Assessment of Technology (SAT) Surya Prakash CHANDAK Senior Programme Officer United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry and.

Making Right Choices:
A Framework for Sustainability
Assessment of Technology (SAT)
Surya Prakash CHANDAK
Senior Programme Officer
United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
International Environmental Technology Centre
(UNEP DTIE IETC)
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Structure
of Presentation
 About SAT Methodology
 Key Characteristics of SAT methodology
 Use of SAT
 Key elements
 Methodology / Decision making process of SAT
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Why integrate ‘Sustainable
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Technology
Assessment?
Development’ in
• Technology plays an important role in Development
• The dominant system of decision making in
technology selection, focuses on economic
considerations and tends to disassociate social and
environmental factors
• A fragmented approach in making technology choices
has implications on efficiency and sustainability of
technology
• Integration of Economic, Social and Environmental
considerations ensures Resource (Economic and
Environmental) Efficiency and Social Acceptability
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Sustainable
Assessment of Technology (SAT)
• SAT Methodology …
… Integrates Environmental, Social and Economic
Considerations
… Focuses on environment and development together
and puts them at the centre of the economic and
political decision making process
... Can be adapted to country specific parameters and
constraints
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SAT
– Some
Key Characteristics
• It Undergoes progressive assessment (Tiered) procedure
(screening, scoping and detail assessment) thereby
optimizing information requirements.
• It operates on strategic as well as operational level
• It is a quantitative procedure allowing objective
assessment, sensitivity analyses and incorporation of
scenarios
• It incorporates Continuous improvement through Plan-DoCheck-Act (PDCA) cycle
• It is not an automated process thereby making country
specific adaptation possible
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Use
of SAT
 Policy and Government Level
For Strategic Planning and Policy making
 Financing Institution Level
For Assessing projects for funding
 Operational Level
For assessment of alternative technologies
 Community and Cluster Level
For assessment and comparison of collective alternative
technologies
 Community / Enterprise Level
For comparing technology options
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Application
of SAT
The application areas include:
• Environment and health related programs
• Provision of basic infrastructure such as roads, power,
water etc.
• Bio-diversity management
• End-of pipe water and waste management
technologies
• Water and waste recycling programs
• Process technology modernization at shop floors and
at industrial clusters
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SAT Methodology
Issues to be addressed
/
Problems to be solved
Monitoring /
Performance
Evaluation
Situational Analysis
Define targets
Strategic Level Assessment
Implementation
Operational Level Assessment
Screening
Anticipating Future
Scenarios
Preferred Technology Options
Detailed
Assessment
Scoping
Customized Criteria and Indicators
considering environmental, social
and economic considerations
Detailed
engineering design
& costing
Public
Information /
Consultation
Examples of problems related to
healthcare waste management
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 Lack of healthcare waste management has resulted in public
health problems in the community as people are exposed to
needles and contaminated waste
 Improper healthcare waste management practices pose a
risk to the health and safety of health workers, waste
collectors and patients in the health facility
 Poor healthcare waste treatment methods have created a
serious environmental problem in the local community
causing resentment among neighbors affected by foul odors,
smoke, air pollutants, contaminated water, or toxic ash from
the health facility
 Inadequate waste management practices are putting a strain
on the solid waste management system and undermine the
potential for material
recovery and
recycling.
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SAT
Methodology
– Situation Analysis
Situation Analysis and Defining Targets
The Situation Analysis includes:
Situational
Analysis
Define targets
• Baseline data collection
• Stakeholder consultation
• Mapping and analyses
These two Steps help to identify issues,
assess their significance and leads to setting
of targets that should be addressed by
proper technology intervention.
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SAT Methodology
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Assessment
– Strategic Level
Strategic Level Assessment
Strategic level assessment
This is done by planners, decision–makers, elected
representatives through participatory sessions
The outcomes are important as it
• Helps to develop customized criteria and indicators
for operational level from generic level.
• Facilitates short-listing and identification of
suitable options
• Provides leads to future scenario building (e.g.
population growth, tighten legal requirement)
there by putting more light on technology choice.
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Examples of issues and targets at
strategic level
ISSUES
TARGETS
All health facilities in the area do not have
a way to treat their infectious waste
Implementation of a large-scale central treatment
technology to handle infectious waste from all
generators in the area; promulgation of policies to
require treatment of all infectious waste
Designation of a cluster treatment hub in each district
and deployment of technology at each hub
Long distances and poor roads between
districts preclude one central treatment
facility for the province
Health facilities are remotely located and
too far from each other
The health facility plans to expand the
number of beds, types of services, and its
area of coverage in the future
Strong public opposition to open burning
and air pollution
Inadequate space in the landfill
Lack of information and training in
13 healthcare waste management among
health workers
Implementation of a decentralized treatment scheme
with a technology appropriately sized for each facility
Deployment of technology that is modular and can be
easily scaled up
Deployment of technology with little or no air emissions
Use of technology that results in significant volume
reduction; expansion of existing recycling infrastructure
Development of training programs as part of facility
accreditation and/or professional licensing
SAT Methodology
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Assessment
– Operational Level
Operational Level
Assessment
Operational level assessment
Engineers and technical staff assess the available
technology options
In community or enterprise level, operational level
assessment can be the first step.
The level of expert opinion and technical information
is very important.
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SAT
Methodology
Screening
Scoping
Detailed
Assessment
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- Three -Tier Assessment
Customized
Criteria and
Indicators
considering
environmental,
social and
economic
considerations
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SAT
Methodology
- Screening
In this Step:
•
The short listed systems from Operational level
Assessment, undergoes objective YES/NO type
answers
•
Options which do not qualify one or more conditions,
are eliminated.
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Operational level assessment - Generic Screening Criteria
Heading
Criteria
Compliance
Compliance with local
environmental laws
Compliance
Compliance
Other
requirements
Other
requirements
Other
requirements
Notes
The technology must comply with environmental laws of the city,
municipality, district and/or province, such as air pollution or landfill
regulations.
Compliance with
The technology must comply with national environmental laws, in
national environmental particular, air pollution, wastewater, and solid waste disposal laws, and
laws
healthcare waste or hazardous waste management regulations. Some
countries or local governments have banned incineration. Others specify
only approved technologies for the treatment of one or more classifications
of healthcare waste.
Compliance with
Many countries are parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent
multilateral
Organic Pollutants, and the Basel Convention on the Control of
environmental
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. Both
agreements
of these Conventions have guidance related to healthcare waste treatment.
The technology should be consistent with this guidance and the country’s
National Implementation Plans for these treaties.
Consistency with WHO Many countries have adopted the World Health Organization’s policy on
policies
“Safe health-care waste management” (2004)
Meeting the objectives Many local governments promote reduce-reuse-recycling programs. The
of 3R programs
technology should meet the objectives of these local environmental
programs.
Other basic criterion
Include other basic criterion from the stakeholder consultation workshops.
Examples that might be raised during a consultation are: proven
technology, good environmental performance, no smoke stack or visible
smoke, safe handling of infectious waste, etc.
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SAT
Methodology
- Scoping
• It is a Comprehensive and Qualitative type
(High/Medium/Low) assessment
• Various technology options are assessed against
generic or customized criteria and indicators with use
of computational methods such as:
– The weighted sum technique
– Sensitivity analysis
– Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM): By
‘Expert choice’, a software using Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP) to carry out MCDM
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Operational level assessment – General Scoping Criteria
A. Technical Suitability
Criteria
Notes
Preference for locally manufactured technologies
Can the equipment be manufactured locally to reduce
cost and support local employment
Availability of spare parts and usage of local materials
To minimize downtime, consumable items and spare
parts should be readily available. If there are no locally
manufactured technologies, preference could be given to
technologies that make use of locally made accessories,
consumable items, and spare parts.
It would be essential to have the necessary local
expertise for commissioning as well as operation,
maintenance and repair of the technology. If local
expertise is not available, preference could be given to
vendors that are willing to train local operators and
technicians to run and maintain the technology.
In some cases, it is possible that the new technology
system would build upon some existing system. As
such, it is essential that the new system is compatible
with the existing infrastructure/ technology systems as
well as the organization’s management systems.
Availability of local expertise
Compatibility with existing technology or management
system
Operational level assessment – General Scoping Criteria
B. Environment (Resources and Emissions)
Criteria
Notes
Air emissions
Some technologies, such as steam-based systems, have minimal
air emissions while others, such as incinerators, release
significant air contaminants that require air pollution abatement.
Liquid effluents
Liquid effluents—such as sterile condensate, wastewater with
high biological oxygen demand, spent chemical disinfectants, or
contaminated effluents from scrubbers—are released in varying
amounts and impact the environment differently.
Solid residues
Some residues, such as sterilized plastics, have lower
health/safety and environmental risks, compared to other
residues, such as unshredded needles or incinerator ash.
Volume reduction
Higher reduction in volume could mean lower transportation and
disposal costs and lower impact on landfill space.
Noise
Hammer mills and some shredders may generate unacceptable
levels of noise especially if the treatment plant is adjacent to the
community.
Operational level assessment – General Scoping Criteria
C. Economic/financial aspects
Criteria
Notes
Capital cost of the treatment technology
The capital costs should include shipment, customs, installation,
start-up, testing, and commissioning costs could vary widely for
different technologies. Particularly in developing countries, the
capital cost could be an important consideration.
Capital costs of all accessories and related equipment
The capital costs of all necessary accessories and related
equipment should also be considered. These accessories could
include containers, bins, trolleys, weighing scales, conveyors, bin
loaders and other waste handling equipment, transport vehicles,
boilers, computer controls, shredders, compactors, skips or
dumpsters, water treatment systems, air pollution control systems,
wastewater treatment systems, etc.
The main operating costs are labor, fuel (diesel, gas, etc.),
electricity, water, consumables (personal protection equipment,
disposable boxes and bags, labels, cleaning supplies, etc.),
sewage, and landfill disposal costs, as well as preventive
maintenance and repair costs including replacement parts.
Operation and maintenance costs
Installation requirements
If installation costs are not included in the capital cost of the
technology, they should be estimated based on vendor
information, technology fact sheets and expert opinions.
Installation includes site preparation, foundation, construction or
renovation of the space where the treatment technology will be
located
Operational level assessment – General Scoping Criteria
D. Social/cultural aspects
Criteria
Notes
Community acceptance of the technology
Some technologies are easier to understand than others. For
example, where pressure cookers and microwave ovens are
common, communities are able to accept autoclave and
microwave technologies more readily. Hospital personnel are
generally already familiar with autoclaves and incinerators.
However, many communities may be opposed to the siting of
incinerators in their neighborhoods.
Job potential may be an important consideration in the
community. The job potential can be assessed primarily by
referring to vendor information, technology fact sheets and expert
opinions.
Income generation potential
Acceptability of treatment residues
The acceptability of residues may depend on religious or cultural
norms. Some communities may require that all healthcare waste
be rendered unrecognizable. Others may require the burial of
body parts and may not accept the burning, sterilizing or chemical
decomposition of anatomical waste.
Extent of necessary resettlement of people
Technology systems that use a lot of space or that should be sited
far away from populations may mean the relocation of people.
There may be other important social equity issues related to this
criterion.
Visible or aesthetic impact
Many communities are opposed to the sight of flue gas stacks and
visible smoke.
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SAT
Methodology
- Detailed Assessment
• The options with best overall ratings from Scoping are
selected for detailed assessment
• The Assessment level is situation specific and requires
detailed and quantitative information.
• The outcome is a list of technology options ranked as
per their scores
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Composite Star Diagram for
Detailed Assessment
Technology 1
Technology 2
Technology 3
Person-power
requirements
Technical
knowledge
requirements
Process stability
Level of automation
Estimated useful life
Odour levels
Fuel consumption
Noise levels
805.5, 922.5,
1008
Safety risk for
workers and
communities
PPE requirement
for staff
Electricity consumption
Savings in energy
25
50
75
Secondary contaminant
generation
NPV / IRR
Capital investment
O & M costs
Payback period
100
Financial incentives
SAT Methodology
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Scenario
- Anticipating Future
In order to check the robustness of
selected technology options, same
methodology with simulated future
scenario’s to be applied so at to confirm
that the technology stands the test of
time.
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SAT Methodology
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Options
- Preferred Technology
Before discarding low scoring options and/or final
decision on selection of technology one must keep in
mind
• Highest score technology option for current
scenario needs to be carefully reviewed for
different scenarios as it may not be equally eligible
as feasible option in other scenarios
• On the other hand, the technology options with
less score may qualify for different scenarios with
suitable technology transfer/capacity building
efforts.
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SAT Methodology
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Monitoring
- Implementation and
Once the decision on Suitable Option is made,
this step covers the following:
• Engineering design
• Tendering
• Actual construction and commissioning
Evaluation of technology during operational phase
ensures meeting of desired objective against
criteria considered in SAT process
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SAT Methodology
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and
Feedback
– Reporting, Monitoring
• Reporting the outcome of monitoring and evaluation
to stakeholders, govt. agencies and decision makers
acts as basis for situation analysis for future projects
and helps in making informed decisions
• It helps refine and build the Methodology by – Inclusion of additional criteria
– Disqualification of technology in future for similar
situations due to negative experiences.
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THANK YOU
For further information:
http://www.unep.org/ietc/
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