Transcript Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Electricity Storage Basics New Mexico Renewable Energy Storage Task.

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Electricity Storage Basics
New Mexico Renewable Energy Storage Task Force
Aug. 22, 2013
Georgianne Huff, PE, PMP
Energy Storage Technology and Systems
Sandia National Laboratories
505-844-9855, [email protected]
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin
Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND NO. 2011-XXXXP
SAND 2013-6422P
What is Energy Storage?
Energy Storage Mediates Between
Variable Sources and Variable Loads
Without storage, energy generation
must equal energy consumption.
2
How Energy Storage Works
● Regulation
Source: NGK Insulators, Ltd.
Discharge
Source: Beacon Power Co.
Charge
Storage moves energy through time.
Energy generated at one time can be used at another time.
3
3
How is Energy Stored Currently?
 Oil
 Strategic Petroleum Reserve
 Storage Tanks
 Natural Gas
 Underground Storage Reservoirs
 Pipelines
 Thermal Energy
 Thermal Mass/Adobe
 Ice
 Electric Energy
Storage
 Pumped Hydro
 Batteries/UPS
 CAES
4
Electricity Storage is Not New




1780’s "animal electricity" by Luigi Galvani
1799 Volta invented modern battery
1880s Private DC systems
1836 batteries adopted by industry in stationary devices, particularly in
telegraph networks
 Lead-acid batteries original solution for night-time load
 Value of electricity storage in batteries
 turn off generators during low-load periods
 absorb excess electricity from generators for sale later
 The hydroelectric development of Niagara
Falls in 1896.
 Tesla and AC
First U.S. large-scale
energy storage (31MW)
in 1929 at Connecticut
Light & Power Rocky
River Plant
5
Electricity Storage – Today
Percentage of electricity that is stored
2.4%
8.8%
4.5%
2.1
Source: 2013 EIA - Total Capacity 2010
6
Why Electricity Storage?
“Power systems have become so
complex that they exceed man’s
ability to react to them. They must
be designed to give people
adequate time to manage failure.” - Bruce Nussbaum
Business Week, September 8, 2003
7
The Grid Today
Power flows
in one direction
Central Plant
Step-Up
Transformer
Transmission
Substation
Distribution
Substation
Generation and load
must always
be balanced
Commercial
Loads
Residential
Loads
Industrial
Loads
Source: EPRI
8
The Success of the Grid
 remarkably reliable and efficient
 enormous just-in-time inventory system
 99.999% reliable
 success rests on two important principles
 Diversity of aggregated loads
 Aggregated loads change is predictable
 Control over generation
today’s forecast
www.caiso.com
 throttled to provide power as needed
Forecast for Cal ISO, 10 May 2013
9
How the Grid is Changing
Renewables
Smart Grid
Infrastructure
Growing Load
PV
PHEV
Source: EPRI
10
Renewables Penetration
BPA
PNM
PSCo
WG Capacity = 204 MW
Peak Load = 2000 MW
%Energy = 5%
Max %Load = 25%
WG Capacity = 1260 MW
Peak Load = 2050 MW
%Energy = 15%
Max %Load = 39.5%
WG Capacity = 2.8 GW
Peak Load = 10.8 GW
%Energy = NA
Max %Load = 50.4%
SPS
WG Capacity = 874 MW
Peak Load = 5500 MW
%Energy = 6.8+%
Max %Load = 20.4+%
HELCO
WG Capacity = 33 MW
Peak Load = 200 MW
%Energy = 11.6%
Max %Load = 26%
ERCOT
Source: American Wind Energy Association
(http://www.awea.org/projects/)
Extracted from Potential Reliability Impacts of Emerging Flexible Resources,
NERC IVGTF working draft (8/22/’10)
WG Capacity = 8.9 GW
Peak Load = 62.5 GW
%Energy = 6.2%
Max %Load = 25%
11
Electricity Storage Services
Bulk Energy Services
Electric Energy Time-Shift (Arbitrage)
Electric Supply Capacity
Ancillary Services
Regulation
Spinning, Non-Spinning and
Supplemental Reserves
Voltage Support
Black Start
Other Related Uses
Transmission Infrastructure Services
Transmission Upgrade Deferral
Transmission Congestion Relief
Distribution Infrastructure Services
Distribution Upgrade Deferral
Voltage Support
Customer Energy Management Services
Power Quality
Power Reliability
Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift
Demand Charge Management
And Benefits
Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity
Storage Handbook in
Collaboration with NRECA 12
Electricity Storage Provides
Grid Security
Improve T&D stability
Maintain quality power and
reliability
‘Blackouts’ and ‘brownouts’
13
Fossil Fuels and Electricity Storage
 Enhance asset utilization
 Defer upgrades
 Operate Fossil fuel generators at
optimum set point– reduce
emissions
increased
emissions for cyclic
part load operationNG generator
Source: EPRI/DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and
Distribution Applications - Wind Supplement update 2009
14
Storage Enables
Increased Value of Renewables and DG

Use more Renewables –reduce need for fossil plants

for regulation and spinning reserve

minimize transmission congestion

Operate Fossil fuel generators at
optimum set point
 reduce emissions

Enhanced reliability and
Power Quality
15
The Roles of Storage
Bulk Storage
Ancillary Services
Thermal
Storage
Distributed
Storage
Distributed
Storage
Commercial
Storage
Residential
Storage
V2G
Source: EPRI
16
Storage on the grid today
Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy (Sept. 2012)
440 MW
Compressed Air Energy Storage
375 MW
Pumped Hydro
127,000 MWel
130 MW
70 MW
Over 99% of total storage
capacity on the grid
27 MW
< 5 MW
Source: Fraunhofer Institute, EPRI
Sodium Beta Batteries
Lithium Ion Batteries
Lead-Acid Batteries
Nickel-Cadmium Battery
Flow Batteries
Electrical Energy Storage Technologies
Energy
 Pumped Hydro
 Compressed Air Energy
Storage (CAES)
Pumped
Hydro
(Taum Sauk)
400 MW
 Batteries
• Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
• Flow Batteries
• Lead Acid
• Advanced Lead Carbon
• Lithium Ion
Sodium
Sulfur
Battery
2 MW
Flywheels
1 – 20 MW
 Flywheels
 Electrochemical Capacitors
Power
18
Lead Acid Batteries
 Conventional
 Low cost
Critical Load Backup/ Energy Management
Lead Smelter: Battery Recycling
5 MW, 3.5 MWH VRLA Battery
19
Advanced Batteries
20
Hybrid LA-Supercap and PbC
• Lead acid battery positive electrode
• Supercapacitor negative electrode made of activated carbon.
Pb-Ca grid alloy instead of Pb-Sb alloy, improving the
corrosion-resistance of the positive grid.
21
ARRA – East Penn, PNM Prosperity Project
Utility PSOC Cycle-Life
10% DOD
110
VRLA Battery
UltraBattery
100
% Of Initial Capacity
Li-ion (Li-FePO4)
500-kW/1-MWh Adv LA: Time-shifting
900-kWh Adv Carbon Valve-regulated: PV
Smoothing
New >200MW East Penn
Battery Manufacturing
Plant at Lyon Station, PA
22
90
80
70
60
50
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
PSOC Cycle Number
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
Sodium-Sulfur (NAS)
molten sulfur +electrode
molten sodium -electrode
solid beta alumina ceramic electrolyte
New types of Na/S cells
(e.g., flat, bipolar, lowtemperature, high-power)
First 1 MW/6 hr in 2007, three in 2009.
23
Lithium Ion
Li-NO2
Li-MnO2
Li-FePO4
Li-CoO2
Li-AlO2
Li2TiO3
24
Flow Batteries
 Vanadium Redox
 Zinc Bromine
 Other electro-chemistries
 New flow battery couples
including iron-chrome and
zinc/chlorine (Zn/Cl)
25
Electrochemical Capacitors
• All high power applications
• Transmission stability
• Power quality
• Distributed resource support
26
Other Leading Edge Electro-Chemical
Technologies
 Metal-air batteries
 Na-ion batteries including
Na-halide chemistries
Zinc Air Batteries
Currently, not enough data is available to make an
objective assessment of these technologies’
suitability for use as utility-scale storage devices.
27
Non Electro-Chemical Electricity Storage
28
Flywheels
Low Speed – PQ
High Speed – early commercial and
development
Composite
Rim
Hub
Motor
Magnetic
Bearing
Vacuum
Chamber
Shaft
29
Bulk Electric Energy
Storage
30
Pumped Hydro
Conventional
Novel








Aquifer
Archimedes’ Screw
Below Ground Reservoir
Energy Island
In ground storage pipe with piston
In-reservoir tube with bubbles
Ocean Pumped
Variable-Speed
Energy Island
31
Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES)
Glacial Drift
nian
Devo
s
onate
Carb
le
Sha
eta
uok
na
Gale
le
evil
t
t
a
-Pl
e)
rah
o
on
c
De
eZ
rag
o
t
(S
ein
Ch
ter
Pe
Du
St.
irie
a
r
P
n
ale
rda
Sh
Jo
ne
d&
sto
an
S
nd
r
Sa
lai
C
n
o
u
im
Ea
.S
Mt
Maq
2 existing plants worldwide
~20 prospective CAES projects
2 projects active in DOE
32
Novel CAES
“Energy Bags”, Pimm, University of Nottingham








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Near Isothermal
Adiabatic
Diabatic Renewable
Liquid Air Energy Storage
Underwater/Ocean
Adsorption Enhanced
Hydrokinetic
Transportable
Vehicle Compression
33
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES)




Stores Energy in a Magnetic Field
No Conversion of Electrical Energy required
Super conducting wires result in virtually no losses
Cryogenic Hardware required
SMES
Magnet
34
DOE International Energy Storage Database
Sample Screen
Technology Challenges
Electricity Storage Must Be A
Complete System
Power Conditioning System
Balance of Plant
• DC to AC conversion
• Charging control
• Reactive power
management
• Integration point
to the grid
•
•
•
•
DC
Data acquisition and controls
Thermal management
Physical structure
Shipping and Installation
All components must be safe,
reliable,
low-cost, and seamlessly integrated
AC
Technology – Power Electronics
 Power Electronics make up 25-60% of system
cost.
 Power Electronics presently do not have the
desired reliability
 Power conversion from storage to grid adds
size, complexity and cost.
Emitter Turn-off Thyristor
38
Technology – Reliability
 Cycle Life
 Limited systems in operation
 Cycle life unknown over 7 to 10+ year time frame
 Annual Cost
 Replacement costs
 Operational costs
39
Technology – Capabilities
 Need storage systems that can serve multiple
applications
 Need technology that has Energy and Power
features
40
Cost – Challenges
 Present estimated costs have poor ROI
 Hard to get well defined budgeting costs
 Capital
 Operational
 Hidden costs
 How to recover costs
 Who takes the risks
 Who reaps the various and varying benefits
 Example?
41
Capital Cost for Various Technologies
42
Capital Cost per Cycle
43
Cost – Select Storage Technologies by Service
Applications
Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity
Storage Handbook in
Collaboration with NRECA
Cost: Select Storage Technologies by Service
Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity
Storage Handbook in
Collaboration with NRECA
Energy Density and Cost
Sources: Sandia National
Laboratories and ESA
46
Regulatory Issues
 Old regulatory policies = bias towards traditional
technologies
 Lack of experience with energy storage leads to questions
about:
 its definition
 its necessity
 its cost-effectiveness
• its utilization
• its funding and revenue
streams
• Complexity of optimizing
these technologies in a
market context
This is especially important as most utilities are risk
adverse about new technologies
47
Regulatory Issues
 Jurisdictional difficulties in classification of energy storage
 Who has jurisdiction when it comes to:
FERC
setting policy
Standards
cost recovery
making approvals
PUC




 How to address these issues?
 One way is to equalize the playing field:
ISO
 FERC order 755 & Pay for Performance
 Mandates or incentives?
 Pricing Externalities: Carbon Tax or Cap & Trade?
48
DOE International Energy Storage
Database
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/
Electricity Storage Tools
 EPRI/DOE Electricity Storage Handbook
In Collaboration with NRECA
 http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf
 how-to guide for selection and installation of stationary
energy storage systems in the electric grid
 comprehensive cost database
 DOE Energy Storage Database
 http://www.energystorageexchange.org/
 database of built energy storage systems and US policies
 ES-Select tool:
 http://www.sandia.gov/ess/esselect.html
 scores and ranks the feasibility of various storage technologies
to serve the selected applications
50
Electricity Storage Websites
 DOE Home Page
 http://www.doe.energy.gov/storage.htm
 EPRI
 www.epri.com
 DOE/Sandia Energy Storage Program
 http://www.sandia.gov/ess/
 Electricity Storage Association
 http://www.electricitystorage.org/
 EESAT Conference
 http://www.sandia.gov/eesat/
51
Electricity Storage: Free to the Public
 Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper
Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits
(EPRI 1020676)
Available at: http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001020676
Executive summary (EPRI 1022261) available at:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022261
 Functional Requirements for Electric Energy Storage
Applications on the Power System Grid (EPRI 1022544)
Available at:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022544
 DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with
NRECA: Coming July 2013
52
Electricity Storage Basics
Questions?
Thank You...