Fluids and Electrolyte Management in Neonates Arun Manglik, MD, DNB Shishu Sanjivan Hospital for Children, Kolkata.
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Transcript Fluids and Electrolyte Management in Neonates Arun Manglik, MD, DNB Shishu Sanjivan Hospital for Children, Kolkata.
Fluids and Electrolyte
Management in Neonates
Arun Manglik, MD, DNB
Shishu Sanjivan Hospital
for Children, Kolkata
FE Management in NB
Essentials of life:
Food (Nutrition)
Water (Fluid/electrolyte)
Shelter (environment control - temperature etc)
Essentials of neonatal care:
Fluid, electrolyte, nutrition management (All babies)
Control of environment (All babies)
Respiratory /CVS/CNS management (some babies)
Infection management (some babies)
Why is FE management
important?
Many babies in NICU need IV fluids
They all don’t need the same IV fluids
(either in quantity or composition)
If wrong fluids are given, NB kidneys are
not well equipped to handle them
Serious morbidity can result from fluid
and electrolyte imbalance
Fluids and Electrolytes
Priniciples:
Total body water (TBW) = Intracellular fluid
(ICF) + Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) = Intravascular fluid (in
vessels : plasma, lymph - IVF) + Interstitial fluid
(between cells - IF)
Goals:
Maintain appropriate ECF volume,
Maintain appropriate ECF and ICF osmolality and
ionic concentrations
Things to consider:
Normal changes in TBW, ECF
All babies are born with an excess of TBW,
mainly ECF, which needs to be removed
Adults are 60% water (20% ECF, 40% ICF)
Term neonates are 75% water (40% ECF,
35% ICF) : lose 5-10 % of weight in first week
Preterm neonates have more water (24 wks:
85%, 60% ECF, 25% ICF): lose 5-15% of
weight in first week
Things to consider:
Normal changes in Renal Function
Neonates are not able to concentrate or
dilute urine as well as adults - at risk for
dehydration or fluid overload
Solute conc in urine ranges 50-800
mOsm/L in terms, 50-600 in PT
Renal function matures with increasing:
gestational age & postnatal age
Things to consider:
“Insensible” water loss (IWL)
IWL not obvious: Skin (2/3) or Resp
tract (1/3). Depends on:
gestational age (more PT: more IWL)
postnatal age (skin thickens with age)
also consider losses of other fluids: Stool
(diarrhea/ostomy), NG/OG drainage, CSF
(ventricular drainage).
SWL that seen = urine+stool
“Insensible” water loss (IWL)
Birth wt
<1000gm
IWL(ml/Kg/D)
100
1000-1500gm
60
>1500
20
Factors raising IWL
So more fluids required
Raised RR
High body/ambient temp = 30%/C
Warmers/PT incr IWL 50%
Incr activity/crying
Skin loss, trauma, omphalocele, neural
tube defects
Factors reducing IWL
Incubators / humidified inspired gases
Plexiglass heat shield
Transparent plastic barriers – do not
interfere in warmer functions reduce
water loss 30%
Assessment of FE status
History: baby’s F&E status partially reflects
mom’s F&E status (Excessive use of oxytocin,
hypotonic IV fluid hyponatremia)
Physical Examination:
Weight: reflects TBW but not intravascular
volume (eg. Long term paralysis and peritonitis incr
BW and incr IF but decreased intravascular volume.
Moral : a puffy baby may or may not have adequate fluid
where it counts in his blood vessels)
Weight loss
Term 1-2%/D total 10% loss
PT 2-3%/D total 15% loss
This is due to loss of ECW and
needs no replacement
Assessment of FE status
Physical examination (Contd)
Skin/Mucosa: Altered skin turgor, sunken AF,
dry mucosa, edema etc are not sensitive
indicators in babies
Cardiovascular:
Tachycardia too much (ECF excess in
CHF) or too little ECF (hypovolemia)
Delayed capillary refill low cardiac output
Hepatomegaly can occur with ECF excess
BP changes very late
Urine output
Assessment of FE status
Lab evaluation
Serum electrolytes and plasma osmolarity
Urine electrolytes, specific gravity (not very useful
if the baby is on diuretics - lasix etc), FENa
Blood urea, serum creatinine (values in the first
few days reflect mom’s values, not baby’s)
ABG (low pH and bicarb may indicate poor
perfusion)
Management of F&E
Goal: Allow initial loss of ECT over first
week (as reflected by wt loss), while
maintaining normal intravascular volume
and tonicity (as reflected by HR, UOP,
lytes, pH). Subsequently, maintain water
and electrolyte balance, including
requirements for body growth.
Individualize approach (no “cook book” is
good enough!)
Management of F&E - D1 Term
Req.= Urine + IWL – Wt loss
On IV fluids solute load 15mOsm/Kg
With urine osmolality 300, urine=50ml/Kg
IWL = 20ml/kg
Wt loss = 10gm/Kg
Req.= 50 + 20 – 10 = 60ml/Kg
PT more IWL
Guidelines for FE
Birth wt
Fluid
Day1
Day2
onwards
1500+
10D
60
75
Add
15ml/D
1000 –
1500
10D
80
95
Add
15ml/D
<1000
5-10D +
Na/K
100
115
Add
15ml/D
Let there be lytes!
Electrolyte requirements:
For the first 1-3 days, sodium, potassium, or
chloride are not generally required
Later in the first week, needs are 1-2
mEq/kg/day (1 L of NS = 150+ mEq; 150
cc/kg/day of 1/4 NS = 5.9 mEq/kg/day which is too
much)
After the first week, during growth, needs
are 2-3 or even 4 mEq/kg/day
F&E in common neonatal
conditions
RDS:
Adequate but not too much fluid. Excess leads
to hyponatremia, risk of BPD. Too little leads to
hypernatremia, dehydration
BPD:
Need more calories but fluids are usually
restricted: hence the need for “rocket fuel”. If diuretics
are used, w/f ‘lyte problems. May need extra calcium.
PDA:
Avoid fluid overload. Keep at 120ml/Kg. If
indocin is used, monitor urine output.
F&E in common neonatal
conditions
Asphyxia:
May have renal injury or SIADH. Restrict
fluids initially, avoid potassium. May need fluid challenge
if cause of oliguria is not clear.
NEC: Need more fluids. May go into shock. Give
200ml/Kg
ARF:Give 400ml/sq m/D + urine output
Common ‘lyte problems
Sodium:
Hypo (<130 mEq/L; worry if <125)
Hyper (>150 mEq/L; worry if >150)
Potassium:
Hypo (<3.5 mEq/L; worry if <3.0)
Hyper > 6 mEq/L (non-hemolyzed)
(worry if >6.5 or if ECG changes )
Calcium:
Hypo (total<7 mg/dL; ion<4)
Hyper (total>11; ion>5)
Hyponatremia
Sodium levels often reflect fluid status
rather than sodium intake
ECF Excess
Excess IVF, CHF,
Sepsis, Paralysis
Restrict fluids
ECF Normal
Excess IVF, SIADH,
Pain, Opiates
Restrict fluids
ECF Deficit
Diuretics, CAH, NEC
(third spacing)
Increase
sodium intake
Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia is usually due to excessive
IWL in first few days in VLBW infants
(micropremies). Increase fluid intake and
decrease IWL.
Rarely due to excessive hypertonic fluids
(sod bicarb in babies with PPHN).
Decrease sodium intake.
Potassium stuff
Potassium is mostly intracellular: blood levels
do not usually indicate total-body potassium
pH affects K+: 0.1 pH change=>0.3-0.6 K+
change (More acid, more K; less acid, less K)
ECG affected by both HypoK and HyperK:
Hypok:flat T, prolonged QT, U waves
HyperK: peaked T waves, widened QRS, bradycardia,
tachycardia, SVT, V tach, V fib
Hypo- and Hyper-K
Hypokalemia:
Leads to arrhythmias, ileus, lethargy
Due to chronic diuretic use, NG drainage
Treat by giving more potassium slowly
Hyperkalemia:
Increased K release from cells following IVH,
asphyxia, trauma, IV hemolysis
Decreased K excretion with renal failure, CAH
Medication error very common
Management of Hyperkalemia
Stop all fluids with potassium
Calcium gluconate 1-2 cc/kg (10%) IV
Sodium bicarbonate 1-2 mEq/kg IV
Glucose-insulin combination
Lasix (increases excretion over hours)
Kayexelate 1 g/kg PR (not with sorbitol!
Not to give PO for premies!)
Dialysis/ Exchange transfusion
Calcium
At birth, levels are 10-11 mg/dL. Drop normally
over 1-2 days to 7.5-8.5 in term babies.
Hypocalcemia:
Early onset (first 3 days):Premies, IDM,
Asphyxia If asymptomatic, >6.5: Wait it out.
Supplement calcium if <6.5
Late onset (usually end of first week)”High
Phosphate” type: Hypoparathyroidism, maternal
anticonvulsants, vit. D deficiency etc. Reduce
renal phosphate load
Monitoring fluid therapy
• Wt loss 1% /d ( loss > 2% /d = dehydration
/ gain > 1% /d = overhydration)
• Urine : 1-3ml/kg/hr (< 1: dehydration , > 4 :
overhydration / diuresis)
• Na : 135-145 mEq/L / K : 4-5 mEq/ L
• Osmolality : 270-285 mosm/L
• Urine sp.gr. : 1005-1015
• Blood glucose: 60-100 mg/dl
Common fluid problems
Oliguria : UOP< 1cc/kg/hr. Prerenal, Renal, or
Postrenal causes. Most normal term babies pee
by 24-48 hrs. Don’t wait that long in sick l’il
babies! Check Baby, urine, FBP. Try fluid
challenge, then lasix. Get USG if no response
Dehydration: Wt loss, oliguria+, urine sp.
gravity >1.012. Correct deficits, then
maintenance + ongoing losses
Fluid overload: Wt gain, often hyponatremia.
Fluid+ sodium restriction