Transcript Study Session AP U.S. History A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that they:  Erred on the side of caution – Inability –

Study Session
AP U.S. History
A major weakness of the Articles of
Confederation was that they:

Erred on the side of caution
– Inability
– Inability
– Inability
– Inability
– Inability
– Inability
to
to
to
to
to
to
levy taxes and duties.
regulate international trade.
enforce treaties.
settle legal disputes b/t states.
regulate domestic commerce.
defend themselves on the sea.
Explain the principles of Manifest
Destiny
Introduced in the 1840s by news editor.
 The goal was expansion while subjugating
and Christianizing the west.
 English Europeans were culturally and
morally superior to those being
subjugated.
 Used as justification for Spanish American
War.

Explain Dred Scott
Dred Scott was a slave traveling with owner
in free states of Illinois and Wisconsin
 In 1857, Judge Taney ruled that Scott was
property.
 As a non-citizen, Scott could not sue in
Federal court.
 The opinion nullified the Missouri
Compromise by suggesting that as property,
owners could take their property anywhere.
 This also declared the concept of “Popular
sovereignty” unconstitutional.

Following the Civil War, most freed
slaves?
Few job skills and without money.
 Could not read or write.
 Most stayed as tenant farmers or
sharecroppers.
 Ex-Slaves now paid for rent, food, and
health care costs

What were the main objectives of
the Progressive Era.
Domestic reform: empowerment of labor,
women and the poor.
 Expand Democracy.

– Creation of national forests and wildlife reserves.
– Passage of Pure food and Drug Act.
– Challenge monopolistic practices (anti-trusts suits
– The Oregon Plan (initiative, referendum & recall)
– Direct election of U.S. Senators
What were the U.S. concerns
before, and after the Treaty of
Versailles.

Washington’s farewell address.
– Avoid political alliances with other countries.

Monroe Doctrine and Corollary.
– Remain neutral in European affairs.

Wilson failed to ratify 14 points.
– Failed to get U.S. to join league of nations.
 Fear of defending European borders with U.S. troops.
– Return to Isolationism.
What major events allowed
McCarthyism to flourish.
Loss of China in 1949
 USSR’s successful detonation of the bomb.

The Puritan’s believed that the
freedom to practice religion should
be extended to?

Escaped to New World to avoid religious
and political persecution.
– Theirs was the one “True Church”
 No contradiction in denying others the rights they
enjoyed.
 Freedom of worship was only a puritan right.
– Only male puritans could vote.
– Aggressive reformers were banished. (Roger
Williams and Anne Hutchinson)
How did the Sugar Tax of 1764
change British policies.

Mercantilist: Create a store of wealth
through a “favorable balance” of trade.
– Colonialism is primary method of gaining
wealth.
Levied taxes for revenue rather than
regulation of trade.
 American response: “no taxation without
representation.”

What effects did the first Industrial
Revolution have on slavery.
England had a booming textile industry.
 America begins revolution after War of
1812.

– Competition for Southern cotton.
– Farmers expanded west to fill demand.
– Cotton demanded a large work force.
The “know-nothing” party focused
its efforts on?

Nativist group formed in 1850s.
– Distrust of immigrants.
 Particularly Irish and Italian Catholics.
– Members were instructed to tell no outsiders
anything. Thus, the “no-nothings”.
 Platform included:
– 25 year residency requirement for citizenship.
– All public offices could only be held by native born.
How were the “new immigrants”
different from the “old immigrants”
after the Civil War?

Old Immigrants from Northwest Europe.
– Familiar with English language and customs.
– Primarily protestant.
– Assimilated easily into the melting pot.

New Immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe.
– Catholics, Jews, Slavs, Italians & Poles, etc.
– Not easily assimilated living in ethnic enclaves.
– Unskilled labor, mostly big cities.
The Ghost Dance Movement
stressed?

In late 1800s, almost a religious movement.
– Dance ritual calling for unity of Indian nations.
– Rejection of white culture, especially non-alcohol.
– End of he world where Indians would rise to
reclaim their lost lands.
– Believed in ghost shirts that would, with magic,
stop bullets.

Ended with the massacre at Wounded Knee
in 1890.
How did FDR deal with unfavorable
Supreme Court rulings?

The conservative court nullified many of the
New Deal programs.
– FDR sought to increase the court by 6 judges, &
40 federal judges, the court packing scheme.
 Off setting all judges over 70 who hadn’t retired.
– Conservatives and Liberals rejected the idea.
 Conservatives became less active against FDR.
 Three conservatives retired & were replaced by liberal
judges.
How were Unions treated in the
1930s?

Government policy and law protected
corporations over Unions.
– Eventually bills were passed to protect unions
in organizing and collectively bargaining.
– Enforcement was lax to non-existent.
– Scabs and strike breaking thugs were used.
– Unions members still lost their jobs.

Government investigation of corporate
abuses was lack luster at best.
What precedents were set by these
court decision?

Marbury v. Madison
– Established the principle of Judiciary Review.

Bradwell v. Illinois
– 1873 decision said it was ok to deny a female attorney the
right to practice based on gender.

Plessy v. Ferguson
– Separate but Equal

Brown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka, Kansas
– Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.
 “Separate but Equal is inherently unequal”

Holden v. Hardy
– States could pass laws regulating the work place.
What do you know about the Bay
of Pigs?

1961 invasion of Cuba by exiled cubans.
– In 1959 Castro overthrew Batista.
– Castro nationalizes American owned property.
– Eisenhower breaks off relations with Cuba.
– CIA planed invasion and presented it to JFK.
– Poorly planned, poorly executed and no air
support doomed the invasion.
What were the influences that
pushed the U.S. to declare war with
Great Britain in 1812?
England, at war with France, “impressed” American
sailors to fill their naval ranks.
 British interfered with American trade, causing us to
invoke the “Embargo Act” ending trade with Britain
and France. The Act failed badly.
 British incited Indians on the frontier which limited
westward expansion. The Warhawks.
 Americans believed our navy was as good as the
British. Hubris.

What were the provisions of the
Missouri Compromise?
Negotiated by Speaker of the House, Henry
Clay, the Great Compromiser in 1820
 Allowed Missouri to come in as a slave state.
 Created the free state of Maine after Mass.
Gave up its territory.

– Maine balanced the slave v. free states. (Senate)
It included a northern border for the
Louisiana Territory.
 Jefferson called it a “fire bell in the night.”

Cite the differences between the
Irish and German Immigrants.

Irish immigration peaked between 1847 and
1854 because of potato famine.
– The Irish were generally unskilled labor, catholic
and moved to the urban areas.
– By 1900 there were more Irish in the U.S.A. than
in Ireland.

German immigration surpassed Irish
immigration in 1854.
– A large continent of skilled workers.
– Protestant in religion, wealthier than the Irish.
Why was Andrew Johnson the subject
of impeachment proceedings?

Johnson was a Southern Democrat who opposed
succession, but was sympathetic to the South.
– He hoped for a quick, non-punitive, plan of reconciliation
for the South.
 He intended to shift the plantation aristocracy to small farmers
and craftsman.
– Infuriating the North, he allowed former confederate
officers and legislators to be elected to congress.
– Johnson was cantankerous and a non-compromiser.

Johnson violated the “Office of Tenure Act”, a law
passed by congress that said only congress could
fire cabinet members.
– This was the excuse to bring impeachment proceedings
against him. Failed by one vote.
The “Open Door Policy” of 1900 did
what?

The policy was in response to an aggressive
colonizing effort of Europeans.
– The policy called for free trade and recognition of China’s
borders, which was initially dismissed by Euro nations.
– The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 caused Europe to reconsider
their position.
 Europeans had to accept U.S. military help in order to avoid
expulsion.
– The policy called for “spheres of influence”, or favorable
financial agreement for individual Euro nations, but no
countries would be denied the right to trade with China.
 Secretary of State, John Hay, brokered the deal.
What factors contributed to the
Great Depression?
Lack of government regulation for the
economy (stock market, money supply,
enforcement of anti-trust laws.)
 Loss of farm market, and subsequent
foreclosures, after WWI.
 Manufacturers over produced and laid off
workers.
 The gap between rich and poor accelerated.
 Massive speculation and manipulation of the
stock market.

What are the details of the Truman
Doctrine?

The Truman Doctrine came to be known as
“containment”.
– The Long Telegram by George Kennan warned of
an expansionistic USSR that must be contained.
 The first effort was the communist insurgency in
Greece and Turkey.
 The Marshall Plan supported contained financially.
 NATO forces were matched by the ”Warsaw Pact”.
 Korea next, followed by Vietnam and the Space Race.
 African nations and Central and South America were
the focal point of competition b/t the U.S. and USSR
Why Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh was leader of communist North
Vietnam.
– Formerly a U.S. ally in World War II, Vietnam received CIA
assistance.
– U.S. politics shifted politically and the U.S. decided to
support France, a colonial power.
 At the time, it was public policy to be anti-colonial.
 It has been suggested that France, under DeGaule, might drop out
of NATO if the U.S. didn’t help.
 The U.S. responded by funding 80% of the war effort.
– At the time, the only business interest the U.S. had was
the trading of rice to feed Japan.

The “Domino Theory” provided the excuse.
The “First Great Awakening” can be
seen as a response to?

A resurgence of religious “fundamentalism” between
1730s & 1760s.
– Emerged as a response to the enlightenment that
supported empirical thought and scientific inquiry.
– The enlightenment offered the notion that humanity was
more important, god less so, in the forces that shaped
humanity.
– The period later became known as “revivalism”.
 Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were the most
prominent preachers.
 The period created many new “evangelical churches”.
 Emphasized the emotional power of religion.
 Briefly, returned to the persecution of witches.
 The “burnt over district”, upper state N.Y. was the focal point.
How did England respond to the
chants of “No taxation without
representation.”

In need of revenue to pay for the French and
Indian War, England imposed direct taxation.
– The Stamp Act was the most onerous of taxes.
 Colonist believed that taxes could not be laid without
the consent of the government. And they were not
represented in Parliament.
– England responded with the concept of “Virtual
Representation.”
 All English subjects are virtually represented whether
they have voted or not.
What early 19th century innovation
was the principle cause of
American Industrialism?

In 1798, Eli Whitney patented a process
for manufacturing interchangeable parts.
– The innovations brought an end to “cottage
industries”.
What was Ralph Waldo Emerson’s
view of American Fundamentalism?

Emerson was a leader of the
“transcendentalist movement”
– His famous essay, “Self-Reliance” stressed nonconformity and individualism.
– He believed that God was tangible and merciful.
 In direct contrast to the Calvinist, who believe God was
distant, and an unforgiving judge of humanity.
– Transcendentalism was a rebellion against
Fundamentalism.
 A basic tenant of the movement accepted the notion of
the perfectibility of man.
Explain the “Free Soil” party

Created in the mid-1840s.
– Martin Van Buren was its candidate for President.
– The Free soil Party included, Antislavery votes,
the Liberty party, “Conscience” Whigs, and Wilmot
Proviso supporters.
 Wilmot Proviso called for no slavery in lands captured
or acquired in the Mexican War.
– The Free Soil party begat the Republican Party.
What ground was covered by the
philosophy of “Popular Sovereignty”?

The election of 1848 made it clear that the
issue of slavery would dominate the debates.
– The Policy, formulated by Stephen Douglas,
sought to appease abolitionists and slaveholders.
 With popular sovereignty, settlers could decide on the
issue of slavery.
– Took pressure off of Congress and Political Parties.
– This policy would clearly undermine the Missouri
Compromise.
 Another reason for the rise of the Republican Party.
What are some of the requirements
of the Reconstruction Act?

This act of 1867 was much harsher than
Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan, both of
which sought an easy reconciliation.
– A punitive measure that required the South to
meet strict requirements before rejoining the
Union.
 Blacks were allowed to participate in state elections.
 The state must ratify 14th amendment.
 States had to rewrite their constitutions, which would
then be approved by Congress.
 Former leaders and Officers of the Confederacy need
not apply.
What influences contributed to the
mood of isolationism in the U.S.?

It was reasonable clear of the intentions of Hitler in
Germany. Mein Kampf, exposed his inclination to
totalitarianism &expansionism. Yet we stayed an
isolationist nation.
– The Nye Senate (1934-36) hearings exposed American
arms manufactures for bribing foreign officials, providing
arms to fascist countries, and lobbying congress to go to
war.
– The financial community was afraid of losing their loan
investments if the allies lost.
– The losses of WWI energized anti-war sentiment.
– The cost of war should be used to bring the country out of
the depression.
– Dating back to Washington, the U.S. had always tried to
be neutral.
Jack Kerouac is considered one of the
leaders of the “Beat Generation”.
What did they stand for?

The Beat Generation rose in reaction to the
growing conformity and materialism of the
1950s.
– Kerouac wrote On the Road and Dharma Bums.
 Drugs, drinking, extra-marital affairs, hoping freight
trains, poetry and eastern mysticism were the base.
– A direct challenge to the typical suburbanite.
– Major players included Allen Ginsberg, William
Burroughs and Gary Snider.
What major legislation was
produced by the “Great Society”?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
– Policed discriminatory hiring practices.

Medicare
– Ensures the elderly have health care.

Department of Housing & Urban Development
– Revitalizing poor urban residential areas.
– Polices discriminatory housing practices.

Project Head Start
– Ensures that low income pre-schoolers receive adequate
food, health care and preparation for schooling.
Can you tell someone, anyone, the
story that is America?
Describe the state of the “indentured
service” in the Chesapeake settlement.
Why leave England? Population Boom, political/religious
unrest, lack of work.
 Nearly 100,000 came as indentured servants.
 Most were young farmers, 15 to 24 years old.
 Very few were criminals.
 Four to seven years, and the promise of free land after
servitude.
 1/3 died of overwork or disease
 The rest eventually became the majority of the
population in Maryland and Virginia.
 Masters were charged with feeding, clothing and housing
their servants. In addition, no excessive beatings

Why was the NW Ordinance Act of
1787 significant?

The act itself created a process for
distributing land to settlers.
– In addition, the Act provided civil rights in the
new territory;
 trial by jury, freedom of religion, freedom from
excessive punishment & abolished slavery.
– North of the Ohio River, East of the Mississippi to
the Canadian border.
– After the “Battle of Fallen Timbers” the Miami
confederacy of Indians were defeated by General
“Mad Anthony” Wayne, and peace ensued.
What were the elements of Henry
Clay’s American System?
Initiated during Madison’s presidency
 Provided protective tariffs for US industries.

– Tariffs and incentives to spur industrial development.

Construction of the National Road and others.
– Many believed poor roadways hurt them in the War of
1812.
Creation of a National Bank for development.
 All this done by the Republican president who
valued small government – National Interests,
however, demanded a change in thinking.

Reform movements in the first half
of the 19th century attempted to
accomplish what?

A number of factors brought on the movement:
 The Second Great Awakening brought on a religious fervor to do
good.
 Rapid industrialization spurred the growth of cities and the
subsequent urban poverty and despair.
 Employers treated workers as a commodity, easily replaced.

Made up of mostly middle class women:
 Temperance movement, Rehabilitate criminals, Humane treatment
for the insane, and later on Abolitionism and Suffrage.
“The price which society pays for the law of competition …is great; but
the advantages of the law are also greater. It is here; we cannot
evade it,… it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the
fittest in every department.

Social Darwinism: Natural selection determines the
survival and demise of living beings.
– During the “Gilded Age”, the wealthy used Darwin’s
theory to justify their wealth and the poverty all around
them.
 The theory was advocated by Herbert Spencer of and Yale
professor, William Graham Sumer
 Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” embraced this position,
although he did suggest that there was some moral obligations of
the wealthy to the nation.
– The theory was challenged by Progressives who reminded
their readers that Darwinism referred to plants and
animals, not to humans.
What are the details of the Panama
Canal by the U.S.?





The canal would save time and improve shipping
and distribution for U.S. business.
The original canal was to go through Nicaragua,
but bribes and business interest in Panama
changed the plan.
Columbia kept upping the ante.
The U.S. encouraged a Panamanian revolt.
The U.S. sent in troops, under the guise of the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, to keep
the peace in Panama.
– The corollary stated any regional instability was a threat
to U.S. interests.
What are the details of the
Japanese internment camps?

The government was fearful of enemy agents:
–
–
–
–
–

More than 110,00 Japanese were interned.
The relocation was ordered by the President.
Congress was compliant.
The majority of Japanese (80,000) were American born.
American farmers supported the internment as a way to
remove competitors.
The case of Korematsu v. United States failed when
the Supreme court decided that interment was
acceptable in times of war.
– Eventually, the government paid $25,000 to each living
internee as a matter of redressing the issue.
The condition of Anglo-American
women was?
Unmarried women had the same legal status as
men, except for right to vote.
 Widows had the same legal rights of unmarried
women.
 Married women;

–
–
–
–

Could neither sue, or be sued.
Could not sign contracts, deeds, or wills.
Could not own property.
All that a woman had before marriage become the
property of the husband.
Native American women had more rights.
Why did Chesapeake settlements
expand more rapidly than those in
Massachusetts?

Tobacco:
– Required abundant acreage.
– Tobacco drained the nutrients from the soil,
requiring rotation of fertile land.
Why was the debate over the “First
National Bank” important?

After the revolution, the U.S. was in serious debt,
like England was after the F.&I. War.
– Alexander Hamilton pushed the bank idea.
 The role of the bank was to consolidate debt and circulate
currency.
 The bank would broaden national powers.
 Hamilton favored a strong national government.
 Jefferson opposed the bank, saying it was unnecessary, referring
to the “necessary and proper clause of the constitution,
commonly called the elastic clause.
– The bank help frame the arguments of the “strict
constructionist” v. ‘broad-constructionist”
The “Lowell System of early 19th century
textile manufacturing was noteworthy for
its?
Named after the town of Lowell, Mass.
 All the workers were women except supervisors.

– The owners were short of workers, so they:
 Offered incentives, cash bonuses, housing in company houses,
access to culturally events and escorted to church.
– Fearful of the horror stories of English industrialism, the
incentives were partly humanitarian.
– Massive immigration in the next several decades, with it
cheap labor ended the Lowell System.
The election of 1824 marked a
turning point, which was?

Prior to 1824, presidential candidates were
submitted by congressional caucus.
– Then approved by state electors who often were part of
the caucus.
– When William Crawford was chosen by the Republican
caucus, Adams, Jackson and clay challenge the
nomination.
 They accused the caucus system as undemocratic.
 After 1824, electors were chosen by the voters.
– The 1824 election ended up with cries of a “corrupt
bargain”, when Adams received the House votes for
Clay and allegedly offered Clay the Secretary of State.
In the late 1800s, 19th century, political
machines, like Tammany Hall were
successful. Why?

The great wave of immigration swelled the size of
cities.
– Government was an inactive observer.
 Minimal services were provided immigrants
 Churches and ethnic communities were to provide services.
– The Political Machines, looking for votes, provided:
 Homes and jobs, help with citizenship and voting rights.
 In return, communities voted for the candidates supported by the
machine. At first out of loyalty, than loyalty and fear.
 The political bosses would then extract favors from their
politicians.
Detail the differences between
W.E.B. Du Bois & Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington:
– Famous agricultural scientist, son of slaves who valued self reliance.
– Founder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

W.E.B. Du Bois:
– Noted sociologist, Northerner educated at Harvard & Germany.
– Founder of the National Negro Committee, later called the N.A.A.C.P.

Methodology for helping people of color:
– Washington: An assimilationist who stressed equality could be gained
through economic success and slow integration of the white
community.
– Du Bois: Why earn equality, when it should be by right?
 The law should protect all people of color NOW!
What effect did Prohibition have in
America?

18th Amendment prohibited Alcohol consumption.
– The Vostead Act provided the enforcement tools.

Abstinence was popular with northern religious
conservatives and fundamentalists in general.
– Incidence of public drunkenness decreased.
– Productivity increased.

However:
–
–
–
–

A massive underground industry arose to serve patrons.
Disorganized crime became “Organized Crime”.
Millions of citizens broke the law.
Law Enforcement was corrupted by crime bribes
21st Amendment ended prohibition in 1933.
The 1927 motion picture, The Jazz
Singer, was the first major
commercial film to feature?

All movies were silent prior to The Jazz
Singer.
Music was provided by live musicians or
record player.
 It was the first to use synchronous dialogue
and singing.
 Within a few years, all of Hollywood was
talkies.

Why the atomic bomb in Japan?
The European war was over.
 The U.S. had considerable fears over
losing the lives of millions of GIs.
 President Truman wanted to prevent the
USSR from entering a war with Japan,
which would have entitled them to the
spoils of war.
 Truman also wanted to intimidate the
Soviets by demonstrating the power of the
bomb.

Explain the details of the Equal
Rights Amendment

The amendment to the constitution would have
prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender.
– The first Equal Right Amendment (ERA) was voted on in
1923. Failed.
– Voted every year after until 1948. Then it could never get
out of the Judiciary Committee.
– Revived in 1970, the ERA cleared the House and Senate
by wide margins.
– The ERA needed ¾ of states to ratify the vote in order to
become law.
– Fundamentalists and Social Conservatives (including many
women), rose up against the law and it never passed.
What is the Stamp Act, and to what
purpose was it passed by Parliament?

The Stamp Act of 1765-1766 required all printed
matter to bear a government stamp requiring a
duty to be paid in hard money.
– Legal documents, licenses, pamphlets, newspapers,
playing cards, etc., etc.
– The previous Currency Act forbade the colonies from
printing money. So hard currency was hard to find.
– Violators were tried in military courts to get around the
jury of peers.
– The colonists responded with public meetings of protest,
lobbying Parliament and boycotting British goods.
– Parliament repealed Stamp Act, but passed Delcaratory
Act.
The doctrine of Nullification caused
so many trouble. Explain.

Principle: purpose of the Constitution was to protect
states against the tyranny of the national
government.
– Essentially, states have the right to nullify and federal law.
 Supported by radical wing of States Rights movement
– 1st appeared in Jefferson’s “Kentucky Resolutions”
 He argued that it violated 10th amendment.
– The real rift happened with the 1828 “Tariff of
Abominations”
 South Carolina nullified the Tariff, but a compromise was reached by
Henry Clay to avoid violence.
 The “Force Bill”, declaring it legal to use the army and navy to
collect taxes was passed by Andrew Jackson.
What did Alexis de Tocqueville say
and write about America?

Tocqueville arrives in 1830.
– Writes his famous Democracy in America”

Very impressed with the interest Americans
take in politics.
– Admires the “impermanence of the social
hierarchy”, as opposed to Europe’s rigid class
system.
– Suggests that the absence of an Aristocracy and
unlimited land was a unique American advantage.
How did westward migration
radically change beginning in 1848?

In 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill.
– The “49ers” began to arrive en mass.
– Population of California grew from 15,000 to
300,000 in seven years.
– The Western section of the Oregon Trail, that part
heading for Oregon, was almost forgotten in
1849.
– Very few people actually found cold. The
suppliers to the gold camps made all the money.
– California was made a state in the Compromise of
1850.
What was the free silver campaign
of 1896 about?

The great cause of the “Populist Party”.
– To increase the supply of money through the
free coinage of silver.
 Populists argued current practices favored the
Eastern establishment.
 Free coinage of silver would cause inflation and
provide more money in circulation.
– Farmers could pay there debts easier with this policy.
 The bankers argued that their loans would be
devalued by more money in circulation.
Explain the nature of our
relationship with the Philippines

America destroyed the Spanish fleet in SpanishAmerican war.
–
–
–
–
Spain controlled Philippines since early 1500s.
The U.S. wanted a port for Pacific Trade.
Considered it the stepping stone to China trade.
Promised Emilo Aquinaldo the presidency and
independence after Spain defeated. We lied.
– The war of resistance immediately broke out.
 The Filipinos lost with many killed on both sides.
– The U.S. was to grant independence when World War II
broke out. They gained independence after WWII.
“Free Speech would not protect a man falsely
shouting fire in a theater and causing panic.”
The case is Schenck v. United States.
 Schenck was challenging the constitutionality of the
1917 Espionage Act.

– The Act forbade false statements and using the mail for
treasonous materials to obstruct the draft or foment
rebellion in the military.
– Schenck, and co-defendants, dropped flyers to tell
draftees that conscription was illegal, and they should
ignore the draft.
– The Supreme Court upheld his conviction saying,
essentially, that Schenck endangered the nation.
How did George Wallace’s
independent candidacy for President
allow Richard Nixon to win in 1968?

George Wallace, was a former Governor of
Alabama and staunch segregationist.
– Knowing he couldn’t win outright, Wallace was
hoping to win enough southern states to throw
the election into the House of Representatives.
– Although he did win 10 million votes, he mostly
drew from disaffected Democrats, which allowed
Nixon to squeak by and win the election.
Describe the relationship between English
settlers and neighboring Indian tribes.

English settlers would have starved in 1607, were it
not for the Powhatan Confederacy.
– Powhatan’s were one of six Algonkian tribes making up
the confederacy.
 The Algonkians traded food for weapons and tools.
 They hoped the Europeans would help against their enemies.
– The English refused to recognize the legitimacy of the
Algonkian culture.
 English claimed right to private property, opposed women working
in the fields, considered themselves socially superior, believed in
absolute power of monarch as opposed to the Algonkians where
authority was conferred by fellow tribe members. (democracy)
– Both were deeply religious, albeit differing in who and
what they believed in.
Puritan emigration slowed during
the period of 1649-1660. Why?

This time period is called the “Interregnum”,
meaning between the Kings.
– Oliver Cromwell was named “lord protector”.

B/T 1642 & 1648, the Puritan Revolution, (English
civil war) raged. Puritans, led by Cromwell, won.
– Puritans wanted freedom to practice their religion and
representation in government. With Cromwell in power,
there was no need to emigrate.

By 1660, with the death of Cromwell, the Stuarts
returned to the thrown.
– Puritans, once again, headed for the new world.
What is the essence of the Monroe
Doctrine?

The successful independence of Central and
South American colonies was the catalyst.
– Under President Monroe, the U.S. formally
recognized the new countries.
– Fear that England, France or Spain would try to
re-take their colonies led to the Monroe Doctrine.
 The doctrine stated that the U.S. had the right to
intercede when their interests were threatened.
 The doctrine was supported by England, whose trade
had picked up when the colonies gained
independence.
Two Supreme Court cases relative to Native
Americans in 1831 & 1832 said what?

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
– Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were neither foreign
nations, nor states.
 As such, they had “no standing” in federal court.
 He also ruled that the Cherokee had a right to their land and
could not be forced off them.

Worcester v. George
– Georgia wanted to relocate the Cherokee.
– Marshall ruled that on the federal government had the
authority to relocate Native Americans.
 Jackson ignored the court and the Trail of Tears ensued.
What were the “Black Codes” in the 1830s?

These are not the “black codes” that state
legislatures passed after the Civil War.
– The 1830s codes were aimed at free blacks.
 Free blacks were considered potential instigators of rebellion.
 Many southerners considered themselves superior to blacks and
resented their freedom.
 Freed blacks made up the majority of skilled laborers in the
South, thus competing against white folks in the jobs market.
– The codes required licenses for skilled black workers,
banned blacks from certain jobs, no assembling in public
and prohibited the teaching of reading or writing to
blacks.
– Laws were passed to not allow the freeing of slave.
– Many free blacks headed North.
How did the U.S. get the Oregon
Territory?
Oregon, Washington and parts of Montana
and Idaho.
 Americans wanted all the land to 54 degree,
40’ (54, 40, or fight), which included parts of
Canada.

– President Polk, wary of another conflict, as the
Mexican War was on the verge of beginning,
pushed for diplomacy.
– Britain accepted the 49th parallel.
Explain the Dawes Severalty Act of
1887?
The reservation policy of 1860 had failed
miserably.
 The Dawes plan promised Native Americans
160 acres of land if they moved off the
reservation.

– Congress wanted to hasten the assimilation of
Native Americans. The culture of private
property was introduced.
 Most refused offer, preferring to stay on reservation.
 Those that did accept, sold their lands to speculators.
What was the purpose and result of
the Sherman-Antitrust Act of 1890?

The original intent was to break up corporate
monopolies.
– Result of final law was vaguely worded.
– However, it was clear about combinations, trusts
or any conspiracy in the “restraint of trade”.

The terms were not defined, and it was left to
a business-friendly court to do so.
– Almost all courts cited labor unions as “a
conspiracy in the restraint of trade”.
– Until 1901, under T. Roosevelt, the law was used
to harass and break unions.
The term “welfare capitalism”
refers to the corporate practice of?

Offering workers incentive, such as
pensions and profit sharing, to dissuade
them from joining unions.
What the heck is the “Underwood –
Simmons Tariff of 1913?

This tariff was passed under Woodrow
Wilson, the only Democrat of the three
progressive presidents.
– Republicans usually supported high protective
tariffs.
What are the particulars of the
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933

Franklin Roosevelt on Farms:
– The bottom had dropped out during 20s.
 Overproduction of farm goods.
 Deep in debt from expansion of land and machinery.
– The Solution:
 Give payments to farmers to stop growing crops in order
to increase the value of food.
 The program stabilized food prices and increased income
from exports.
 The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1936
 It was resubmitted without the offending language and
is still with us today.
What was the agenda of SNCC?

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
– The 1960 organization was to promote antisegregationist and black voting rights.
– Southern opposition, jailings and beatings
radicalized the organization and its members.
– In 1966, Stokely Carmichael took control
 Expelled all white members.
 Advocated “black power” through separatism and
violence
The End