Integrating a Child Lens into Economic & Social Policy Analysis – using the Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) model -- A Child.
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Transcript Integrating a Child Lens into Economic & Social Policy Analysis – using the Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) model -- A Child.
Integrating a Child Lens into Economic &
Social Policy Analysis – using the Poverty &
Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) model
-- A Child Rights Impact Assessment (CRIA) Tool
for Economic & Social Policies
Margaret Wachenfeld – UNICEF Brussels Office &
Rachel Marcus, Consultant
Looking for Upstream Leverage
Integrate consideration of children into key policies
especially policies where they are not typically considered
Analyse & highlight the impact of policies on children
Integrate children into the work of other key players
Rationale for Developing Child Rights
Impact Assessment (CRIA) Toolkit
Effects of policy reforms on children not routinely assessed
ex ante
Although this is an obligation under UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child
Conceptual Constraints
Children’s lack of voice & relative powerlessness of
child advocates
Lack of understanding of importance of protecting
children at early stages of their lives – negative
impacts can have long-term effects on individuals and
society
Disciplinary bias tending to concentrate on economic
effects
Technical Constraints
Data constraints (much data is at household level) but
greater disaggregation often possible
Response: Developing Child Rights Impact
Assessment (CRIA) Tool
Integrate consideration of
children into key policies
Highlight the impact of
policies on children
Build on & integrate into existing
approaches to analyse impacts of
proposed policies on the poor & vulnerable
-- Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)
Modify the approach to include specific
consideration of & impacts on children
Tool can be integrated into PSIA or used
as stand-alone tool
Integrate children into the
PSIA used by World Bank & other
donors (UK, Germany, Netherlands,
Belgium, Norway)
Added Bonus
Improving on approaches used in
existing CRIA tools by basing analysis on
rigorous analysis (quantitative & qualitative)
work of other key players
Integrating Key Frameworks & Tools
Integrates
Key Foundation: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
Key Analysis Framework: Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)
Key Tool: Social scientific analysis of intra-household dynamics
and outcomes for children – both qualitative and quantitative
Putting child at the centre of considerations, alongside
other stakeholders
Using Poverty & Social Impact Analysis Approach
to illuminate impacts on children
Using the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
as the overarching framework
Existing Poverty & Social Impact Analysis
(PSIA) Conceptual Framework
Policy Reforms & Programmes
Transmission
Channels:
•Employment
Impacts transmitted
through
•Prices
•Assets
•Transfers &
Taxes
•Access to goods
& services
•Public Financing
•Authority
CRIA Conceptual
Framework
Summary diagram here (will be slightly revised
version)
Child
Specific
What is Different About a Child Lens?
Expanding Attention to Children in PSIA
Key Concepts:
Challenging assumption that impacts on
children mirror impacts on households more
generally – disaggregating beyond household level
Paying attention to possible impacts of policies
on all areas of children’s rights
Involving children as participants in policy making
process as stakeholders
What is Different About a Child Lens?
Understanding Impacts on Children at All Levels:
*Micro-level: Expands understanding of intra-household
processes that lead to impacts on children
Meso-level: Focusing on transmission channels that have
a particular importance for children such as access to
services or transfers to households
Macro-level: Highlighting how macroeconomic policy &
trends acts through transmission channels to have an
impact on the proximate causes of child well-being eg
policy changes such as devaluation can affect prices of key
goods, and thus consumption patterns and children's
wellbeing.
What is Different About a Child Lens?
Addressing Missing Dimensions that are Important to
Children
Considering not just short or medium term, but also
longer-term effects of policy, including intergenerational effects
Deepening the analysis of indirect, 2nd & 3rd order
effects of policy that are often important for children
Highlighting the role of social capital in children’s
development
Analysing social risks for children arising from social
arrangements or cultural norms
What is Different About a Child Lens?
Conclusion:
Need to highlight 3 areas in which further
work is needed to understand how policy
effects are transmitted to children
Intra-household processes to go beyond
household level analysis
Analyse & bring in greater understanding of
wider social processes and how they affect
children eg changing social capital, social
inequality
Outcomes for children, particularly in terms
of development, participation and protection
Steps in a CRIA/Child Sensitive PSIA
especially children & young people
Consultation with stakeholders,
Broadly follows PSIA sequence
Start with scoping assessment
Develop Conceptual Framework
understand transmission channels
Ask the right questions
Gather data and information
on micro-level impacts, intermediary
processes and political & institutional
context
Analyse Impacts
Make Recommendations
including possible mitigation or
compensation measures and risk
assessment
Foster Policy Debate
Monitor & Evaluate
Ask the Right Questions
About PSIA Transmission Channels
And adding questions on:
Household responses
ex: changing patterns of consumption that have effects
on children like school expenditures, changing patterns of
labour allocation, changes in caring activities
Access to services
ex: with a focus on quality in addition to accessibility
Social capital / cohesion
ex. changing patterns of reciprocal child care in the
community as result of breakdown in social cohesion
Ask the Right Questions
Additional Questions (con’t)
Mediating Factors – getting these more explicitly into both
questions and analysis
Outcomes for Children
Survival & development
• Ex impacts on health & nutrition
• Ex impacts on emotional well beingn
Protection
• Ex impacts on child labour rates, insufficient care
Participation
• Ex access to information
Analyse Impacts on Children
Guidance on quantitative analysis will include:
Building child-focused vulnerability profiles from
household data
Estimating scale and magnitude of likely responses to
policy change among particular types of households
with children
Predicting longer-term feedback effects on economy
and how these may alter responses predicted in the short
to medium term relevant to children
Quantifying effects on public service provision where
relevant to children’s well-being
Analyse Impacts
Qualitative analysis of impacts eg service providers’ views of how service provision
may be affected and possible effects on children
Risk analysis –
indicating possible longer-term negative social effects on
certain groups eg if reforms may lead to social unrest and
dislocation
Institutional and political analysis eg understanding the balance of interests in favour of/ against
child-specific mitigatory measures
Engaging Children and Young People as
Stakeholders
Recognising
Children & young people as legitimate stakeholders – like other
groups of stakeholders
Their right to participate enshrined in CRC
That their perspectives may be quite different from adults
Guidance on
Ethical issues of child & young people’s participation
Engaging as stakeholders in different parts of the process
Collecting data from & with children & young people
Analysis & developing recommendations with children
Rapid CRIA
CRIA-lite v. Full CRIA
Screening to establish what is likely to be critical for children
and what isn’t
Consider fewer issues and focus on a few strategic priorities
Less likely to involve new data collection or complex
analysis of existing primary data
More likely to draw principally on existing literature
Probably involves less stakeholder participation
May concentrate more on short-term effects
CRIA Experience: Proposed Electricity
Tariff Reform, Bosnia & Herzegovina
2 Objectives
pilot CRIA approach & make recommendations on
methodology
identify possible impacts of reforms on children
Methodology
literature review
analysis of existing quantitative data (LSMS, HBS, MICS)
new survey with sub-sample of MICS households
qualitative research with children, parents & service
providers, focusing on disadvantaged groups
BiH CRIA: Lessons Learnt
Mixed (qual-quant) methodology effectively integrated
and improved quality of findings.
Each type of data helped contextualise findings of others &
filled gaps
Integration with federal statistical infrastructure very
helpful (survey could use experienced interviewers)
Greater integration with other research policy initiatives
would have been helpful
More time needed for training qualitative researchers –
implications for budgeting, also for quality of analysis
possible in rapid CRIA
Issues for Discussion
Key Concepts: Conceptual framework & guidance on
framing questions & data gathering – are there missing
elements?
Rapid CRIA: Is it possible to specify core elements of a
rapid CRIA? Is it entirely context-specific?
Sector Specific Annexes: what would be good test
cases/ examples?
Uptake: How to maximise integration with existing
processes and initiatives, to increase likelihood of CRIA
being carried out?