USING APA STYLE Literature Review: 1. What to do 2. How to begin 3.

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Transcript USING APA STYLE Literature Review: 1. What to do 2. How to begin 3.

USING APA STYLE
Literature Review:
1. What to do
2. How to begin
3. How to organize
4. Procedure
5. Sample
Literature Review: What to do
From U of Washington: http://depts.washington.edu/psywc/handouts/pdf/litrev.pdf
2 approaches: 1. choose an area,
read the studies, organize the
information according to theme
EX: Theme can be conflict or controversy in the area.
First discuss the studies that support one side,
then discuss the studies that support the other side
• Is drug addiction a choice?
• Does divorce harm children?
• Does ADHD exist?
• Is pornography harmful?
Literature Review: What to do
2 approaches:
2. choose an
organizing theme or point to make,
then select studies to discuss
EX: The theme can be a particular problem/point and the
effects of that on those involved.
• Overweight and its psychological effect
• How domestic violence between
partners affects their children
Literature Review: What to do & WHY
2 purposes:
1. To thoroughly describe work
done on a specific area of research
AND
2. To evaluate this work
NOTE: 1. If you just describe past research without
evaluating it, then you are merely summarizing
information without digesting it.
2. If you just evaluate recent theories without
describing the work done to test those theories, then
your arguments lack supporting evidence.
Literature Review: What to do
What to Evaluate:
Identify relations, contradictions,
gaps, & inconsistencies in the
literature.
Compare the assumptions,
methods, analysis, & conclusions
of each study you read.
Literature Review: How to begin
How to Develop a Review:
Requires about 7-12 articles and is
10-15 pages long.
1. Select the topic
2. Collect and read articles
3. Write the review
Literature Review: How to begin
Choose a current, well-studied,
SPECIFIC topic:
Narrow your topic:
Hypnosis? Dreaming? TOO BROAD
DON’T: pick broad topics (language production in early childhood)
and present and article on different aspects of it (one on syntax,
one on semantics) – this coverage will be too superficial
DO: choose narrower topics (production of passive constructions in
children ages 4-6 years) and explore IN DEPTH the recent work
done in this specific area
Literature Review: How to do it
Reading the Articles:
1. Read easier articles first
2. Scan the article to identify the
Research Question
Specific Hypothesis
The Findings
The Interpretation of the Findings
3. Read again for depth
Important tips from the U of Toronto website:
(and here in a printer friendly PDF form)
Literature Review: How to organize
Writing the Review
1. Introduction
• General introduction of the research
question: what it is and why it is worth
examining
• Narrow the research question to explain the
studies discussed
• Briefly outline the organization:
•
•
If there is a controversy, describe it and state that you will
present first one side, then the other.
If three methodologies have been used to address your
topic, describe them and then state that you will
compare results from each method
Literature Review: How to organize
Writing the Review
2. Body
• Describe each study in detail
•
•
Provide the reader with strong "umbrella" sentences at
beginnings of paragraphs, "signposts" throughout, and
brief "so what" summary sentences at intermediate points
in the review to aid in understanding comparisons and
analyses
Use HEADINGS to help show the organization of your
paper. Headings are useful only if they are specific. Vague
article titles and headings are weaknesses in papers, but
can be easily corrected.
• Discuss implications of the studies:
•
Present your judgment of what the studies show, and
where to go from here.
Literature Review: How to organize
Writing the Review
3. Conclusion
• Evaluate the current "state of the art" for
your topic, pointing out major flaws or gaps
in the research, inconsistencies in theory and
findings, and areas or issues for future study.
• Conclude by providing some insight into the
relationship between the central topic of the
literature review and a larger area of study
such as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or
a profession. Or comment on the
importance of the information presented.
Literature Review: How to
Procedure
1. Introduction
• Start with a research question, narrow it
down, and finally state the specific lines of
research you will discuss.
2. Body
• Describe each article, then compare them.
Comparisons are essential; don’t simply
describe each. Compare the assumptions,
theories, hypotheses, variables, results, and
interpretations.
Literature Review: How to
Procedure
3. Conclusion
• All studies have strengths and weakness.
Find them for your comparisons and
evaluate the work in your conclusion. State
the strengths, weaknesses, and what needs
to be done in the future.
Literature Review: How to
Tips
1. Leave time to revise your paper
2. Use specific language and
concrete examples: avoid vague
references such as “this” – “this illustrates” should be
“this experiment illustrates”
3. Paraphrase instead of extensive
quoting. BE SURE TO CITE your
paraphrased material.
Literature Review: See a sample here
Title page: includes a
running head for
publication, title, and
byline and affiliation.
Page numbers and
running head: in the
upper right-hand
corner of each page,
include a 1-2 word
version of your title.
Follow with five
spaces and then the
page number.
From The OWL at Purdue Website
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/667/01/
Writing a Summary
The following materials were prepared and written by Jerry Plotnick, Director, University
College Writing Workshop, University of Toronto.
The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Its incidence
is about one in a thousand, and it occurs throughout the world, its
features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures.
It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become
obvious in the second or third year. Though Asperger regarded it as
a biological defect of affective contact—innate, inborn, analogous to
a physical or intellectual defect—Kanner tended to view it as a
psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most
especially of a chillingly remote, often professional, "refrigerator
mother." At this time, autism was often regarded as "defensive" in
nature, or confused with childhood schizophrenia. A whole
generation of parents—mothers, particularly—were made to feel
guilty for the autism of their children. Excerpted from Oliver Sacks’
essay “An Anthropologist on Mars”
In-Text Citations for a Summary
In “An Anthropologist on Mars,” Sacks notes
that although there is little disagreement on
the chief characteristics of autism, researches
have differed considerably on its causes. As
he points out, Asperger saw the condition as
an innate defect in the child’s ability to
connect with the external world, whereas
Kanner regarded it as a consequence of
harmful childrearing practices (247-48).
Important Links
 Library Databases
– “What Addicts Need”
– Email citations
 Learning Center Student Online Resources