Transcript ■Essential Question: –How did progressives bring reform to local, state, and national governments?

■Essential Question:
–How did progressives bring
reform to local, state, and
national governments?
Political Progressivism in
the Cities & States
Most
cities formedReform
Many
cities
used
Progressive
in the
Cities
committees to focus on
“gas & water
■Political
progressivism
began
in
improving
quality
of life socialism”
to control
public
utility costs
cities
in
response
to
corrupt
Many mid-sized or
Galveston,
Texas was
machines
& deteriorating
smallpolitical
cities hired
a
st city to use a city
the
1
non-partisan
city
urban conditions
manager to oversee commission rather than
a mayor
& city council
government”
reformers
the ■“Good
city bureaucracy
created the National Municipal
League in 1894 to find ways to
make
city
governments
less
These urban reforms were less democratic
political
lessefficient
partisan
but much&more
& less corrupt
Progressive Reform in the States
■Progressive reformers impacted
state governments too:
–A New York corruption scandal
linked politicians & utility
suppliers leading NY to form a
utilities regulatory board
–Most states created regulatory
commissions to oversee state
spending & initiate investigations
Progressive
Reform
inby
thepetitioning
States
Allowed
citizens to create
laws
to■Progressives
have an issue placed
on a state
ballot
&
helped
make
state
allowing
voters
(not
politicians)
to
decide
governments more democratic:
–Western states were the 1st to
allow public initiatives,
referendums, & recalls
–Passage of the 17th amendment
Allowed
to vote onfor
an the
issuedirect
(such as
in citizens
1912 allowed
tax increases)
suggested
by the state legislature
election
of Senators
–By
1916,
most
statesremove
had direct
Allowed
voters
to directly
an
elected official
by popular
primaries
to allow
votersvote
to
choose candidates, not parties
TR called
Wisconsin
Action
in thethe
States
“Laboratory of Democracy”
■The
most
significant
state
reform
California, Missouri, Iowa, &
was copied
governor
Robert plan
La Follette’s
Texas
La Follette’s
“Wisconsin Idea”:
–Used academic “experts” from
the University of Wisconsin to
help research & write state bills
–Wisconsin was the 1st state to
use direct primary & income tax,
create industrial commissions,
set utility prices, & regulate RRs
■Essential Question:
–To what degree were Teddy
Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, &
Woodrow Wilson different in their
approaches to national
progressive reform?
National Progressivism
The Republican Roosevelt
The
president
is “a
steward of
TR
thought of
presidency
as the
a(1901)
■The
McKinley
assassination
people
bound
actively
& affirmatively
bully
pulpit
to
advocate
hispresident:
agenda
made
Teddy
Roosevelt
to do all he can for the people”
president who
Elihu–TR
Root was
to Secan
of activist
State
how
guideGifford
publicPinchot
opinion
(districtknew
attorney
of to
NYC)
as chief
most
Gilded Age
W.H.–Unlike
Taft to Sec
of War
conservationist
(governor
of Philippines)
Republicans,
Roosevelt refused
to ignore social inequalities
–He believed gov’t agencies
should be run by experts
The Square Deal
■In 1902, the United Mine Workers
went on strike to demand higher pay
& an eight-hour work day
–The strike lasted 11 months
–TR brought both sides to
arbitration & threatened gov’t
seizure of the coal mine
■The result was a “square deal” for
labor (higher wages) & owners (no
formal recognition of the union)
TR the Trustbuster?
■TR saw the benefit of good trusts,
but wanted to control bad trusts:
–He pushed for the Dept of
Commerce & Labor to
investigate business misconduct
–In 1902, TR ordered the Justice
Dept to charge the Northern
Securities Co in violation of the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act; The
Supreme Court ordered the
company to be broken up
TR accepted monopolies as a fact of life
for 20th century business but viewed
regulation as the best way to tame trusts
who use corrupt business practices
TR the Trustbuster?
■TR was not always consistent:
–Initiated suits against beef trust,
American Tobacco, DuPont,
Standard Oil, & New Haven RR
–But he relied on business to gain
re-election in 1904; sought the
advice
of 43
JPmonopolies
Morgan; allowed
Taft busted
in 4 years
some monopolistic mergers
–The Roosevelt administration
only “busted” 25 trusts in 7 years
■TR was a popular president & won a
landslide victory in 1904
“Under no circumstances will
I be a candidate for or accept
another nomination”
Regulating the Railroads
■TR’s re-election agenda focused
on business regulation:
–Hepburn Act (1906) increased
the ICC’s power to set maximum
RR rates & investigate RR
company financial records
–The Food & Drug Act (1906) &
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
protected consumers
Conserving the Land
■TR created the 1st comprehensive
national conservation policy:
–TR defined “conservation” as
wise use of natural resources
–Created the Reclamation Service
to place natural resources (oil,
trees, coal) under federal domain
–From 1901 to 1908, U.S. gov’t
preserves grew from 45 million
acres to 195 million acres
National Parks and Forests
The Presidency of
William Howard Taft
The Taft Presidency
■TR remained true to his promise
not to run for a 3rd term & chose
William Howard Taft as the
“I feel
a bit like a fish
out of for president
Republican
nominee
water…I hate the limelight.”
■Taft seemed ready to carry out
TR’s political agenda
The Taft Presidency
Taft
backed
high Payne-Aldrich
■Taft
wasthe
poorly
equipped totariff
continue
Roosevelt’s
agenda:
Taft fired
Pinchot,
TR’s chief conservationist
after the
Affairto
–Taft
didBallinger-Pinchot
not trust the gov’t
Progressive
Republicans
no longer
regulate business
behavior
looked to Taft for leadership &
–He
didn’talmost
have all
thehisflair
of TR;
criticized
policies
Taft was “too honest & sincere”
–Taft tended to side with
conservative Republicans rather
than progressive Republicans
The Taft Presidency
■Despite these set backs, Taft
helped push through significant
progressive legislation:
–16th Amendment was written;
created a national income tax
–17th Amendment was written;
direct election of U.S. Senators
–Safety codes for miners & RRs
–Created the Children’s Bureau
“I’m feeling
like a BullofMoose!”
The Election
1912
■TR decided to run against Taft for
the Republican nomination in 1912
This
divided the
Republican Party
but deeply
conservative
Republicans
refused to take him over Taft
■TR was nominated to the new
Progressive (Bull Moose) Party
■Democrats nominated former
Princeton president & NJ governor
Woodrow Wilson who ran as a
progressive reformer
The Election of 1912
TR’s New Nationalism WW’s New Freedom
The 1912 election was the most significant 3■way
U.S.election
needssince
a nat’l
U.S. needs
small
1860: ■Lincoln
(Republican),
approach
to reform
gov’t,
free trade
Stephen Douglas
(Northern
Democrat),
&&
Breckenridge
Democrat)
& aJohn
strong
president(Southern
competition
■ Social-Justice
■ Both plans saw the
reforms; protection
economy as the
of women, children,
central issue, but
workers; “good”
Wilson distrusted
trusts to help growth federal power &
nat’l
planningbut
only won the
presidency,
■Democrats
1st to enlistnot
women
also outright control of both House & Senate
Woodrow Wilson’s
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
■Wilson believed in strong, activist
1% tax for all,
2% for
the rich
leadership
& but
helped
push
through
many
“New Freedom”
ideas:
The
1st efficient
national banking
system
since
Jackson destroyed
the BUS
in 1832
–Underwood
Tariff Act
reduced
tariffs & created America’s 1st
graduated income tax
–Federal Reserve Act created a
Federal Reserve to regulate the
economy by adjusting the
money supply & interest rates
Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
–Clayton Anti-Trust Act banned
Federalinterlocking
Farm
Endorsed
an 8-hour& held
directorates
Loan Act
day
for
all
workers
business officers personally
Defended
unions’
right
Supported
liable
for monopolies;
helped
to collectively
bargain
women’s
suffrage
workers by allowing strikes &
banning injunctions
■As the 1916 elections neared,
Wilson pushed for more social
reforms…but U.S. involvement in
WWI in 1917 distracted Americans
from progressive reform
Wilson and Civil Rights
■ During his first term in office, the House passed a
law making racial intermarriage a felony in the District
of Columbia.
■ His new Postmaster General also ordered that his
Washington offices be segregated, with the Treasury
and Navy soon doing the same.
■ Suddenly, photographs were required of all
applicants for federal jobs. When pressed by black
leaders, Wilson replied, "The purpose of these
measures was to reduce the friction. It is as far as
possible from being a movement against the Negroes.
I sincerely believe it to be in their interest."
Wilson and Civil Rights
As president, Wilson confronted a
new generation of militant African
American leaders, men like William
Monroe Trotter, W.E.B. Du Bois and
Marcus Garvey, who had begun to
challenge their more conservative
elders - and the expectations and
assumptions of much of white
marcus Garvey
America.
W.E.B. DuBois
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Conclusions:
The Fruits of
Progressivism
The Fruits of Progressivism
■ Progressive reforms led to:
–Urban & labor improvements
–Direct primaries & female voting
–More government responsibility for
social welfare
–Regulatory commissions
–Increased importance of interest
groups & public opinion polls
–An “expert” bureaucracy
–A more powerful presidency
■ WWI ended the Progressive Era
The Progressive Era: Summary
■ Progressives were diverse in outlook and geographic
location, but shared commitment to progress and reform
■ Progressives sought to reform society and business, and their
achievements included “settlement houses,” protective
legislation for child and women workers
■ Prohibition of alcohol was a Progressive method for cleaning
up society, controlling immigrants
■ Political reform more successful: Progressives achieved
women’s suffrage and numerous reforms of electoral process
■ Reformers in state governments provided model for an
expansion of presidential power under Teddy Roosevelt
■ Roosevelt was active in regulating big business, labor
disputes, conservation of natural resources
■ Three-way election of 1912 split Republicans on issue of
Progressivism and elected Woodrow Wilson, a “limited
progressive”