Transcript POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin UNIT 4 PART A Reproduction and Development HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB.

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
UNIT 4
26
PART A
Reproduction
and Development
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
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FOURTH EDITION
Sex Determination
 Dimorphism- physical differences in females and
males other and reproductive organs.
 Physically distinct- breast, hips, muscle mass, areas
of body fat storage, etc.
 Gonads produce gametes (eggs and sperm)
 Male gonads  testes  sperm
 Female gonads  ovaries  eggs
 Internal and external genitalia – glands and ducts
that connect the gonads to the external genitalia
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Sex Determination
 Chromosomes – a
DNA segment that
holds genes.
Chromosomes come in
pairs called
homologous pairs
 Autosomes – code for
body characteristics
but do not determine
sex
 22 pairs
 Sex Chromosomes -X
&Y
 men are XY
women are XX
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Figure 26-1
Sex Determination
Inheritance of X and Y chromosomes
Each parent
contributes ½
the genome to
an offspring.
During sex
determineation;
mothers always
contribute the X
chromosome.
Father’s have a
50:50 chance of
giving an X or Y
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Figure 26-2
Sexual Differentiation
 Bipotential tissues – undifferentiated tissues the can develop
into male or female reproductive structures.
 SRY gene – sex-determining region of the Y chromosome that
will guides the development of male genitals.
 Gonad - the reproductive organ that produces the gamete
 Testis or ovary – primary reproductive organ, all other
reproductive structures are accessory structures that make
fertilization and pregnancy possible.
 Wolffian duct- derived from the embryonic kidney, it develops
into the vas deference once the testes release Anti-Mullerian
hormone.
 Mullerian duct - derived from the embryonic uterus, it
develops into the fallopian tube while Wolfian duct disappear in
the absence of testorone.
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Development of Internal Organs
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Figure 23-3a
Sexual Differentiation
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Development of External Genitalia
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Figure 26-3b
Gametogenesis
 Gamete production occurs in primary sex organs. Begins in
utero, stops during childhood, resumes in puberty and
continues through adulthood. The process is timed
differently in males & females
 Meiosis- cell division occurring only in gametes that yields
four haploid cells (different from mitosis)
 Primary gamete-produced at completion of Meiosis I. The
cell is genetically diverse, haploid (no chromosome pairs) and
with sister chromatids (copies= 46 total)
 Secondary gamete-produced at completion of Meiosis II. The
cell is genetically diverse, haploid, and with no sister
chromatids (23 total)
 Haploid gamete- carries half the genome, matures into a viable
cells that participates in fertilization
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Comparing Mitosis and
Meiosis
Mitosis
 Mitosis yields
two identical
diploid cells.
It’s happens in
all body cells
(somatic)
 Meiosis yields
four genetically
diverse haploid
cells. It only
happens in sex
cells (gametes)
Meiosis
Parent
cell (2n)
Chromosome
duplication
Meiosis I
Parent
cell (2n)
Chromosome
duplication
Tetrad
Crossing
over
Daughter
cells
2n
2n
Meiosis II
n
n
n
Daughter cells
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n
Visual
Summary
8.3
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Gametogenisis in the
semineferous tubules of the
testes. Stem cells first go
through mitosis & then meisosis
Spermatogenesis
STAGE OF CELL DIVISION
Spermatogonium
MITOSIS
FEMALE
46 chromosomes
per cell (only two
shown here)
46
(diploid)
Spermatogonia
Embryo
Embryo
Germ cell proliferation
MEIOSIS
DNA replicates but
no cell division occurs.
Sister
chromatids
Secondary
spermatocyte
2 sets of 46
chromosomes
First meiotic
division
Primary gamete divides
into two secondary gametes.
23 chromosomes
duplicated
Spermatids
Second meiotic
division
develop into
Secondary gamete divides.
Sperm
23 chromosomes
(haploid)
Reproductive adult
Primary
spermatocyte
Reproductive adult
In males
meiosis
begins in
adulthood
after puberty,
all cells
generated by
meiosis can
develop into
sperm.
MALE
One primary spermatocyte
yields 4 sperm.
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Figure 26-5 (4 of 9)
Maturation of Sperm
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Spermatozoa Structure
 Head
 Acrosome and nucleus
 Midpiece
 Centrioles and
mitochondria
 Tail (flagellum)
 Microtubules
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In females stem cells go through
mitosis and creates all the oocytes
that could mature into an ovum.
Meiosis begins before birth, is
arrested,and then resumes after
puberty but is not completed until
fertilization occurs.
Oogenesis
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Gametogenesis & Fertilization
STAGE OF CELL DIVISION
MALE
Spermatogonium
FEMALE
Oögonium
MITOSIS
Secondary
spermatocyte
Reproductive adult
Sister
chromatids
MEIOSIS
DNA replicates but
no cell division occurs.
First meiotic
division
Primary gamete divides
into two secondary gametes.
develop into
Sperm
One primary spermatocyte
yields 4 sperm.
Second meiotic
division
Secondary gamete divides.
Oögonia
First
polar
body
Secondary
oocyte
(egg)
(may not
occur)
Disintegrates
Egg released
from ovary at
ovulation
23 chromosomes
(haploid)
One primary oocyte
yields 1 egg.
FERTILIZATION
Second polar body
disintegrates.
Zygote Cummings
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Primary
oocyte
Sister
chromatids
2 sets of 46
chromosomes
23 chromosomes
duplicated
Spermatids
Embryo
46
(diploid)
Spermatogonia
Primary
spermatocyte
46 chromosomes
per cell (only two
shown here)
Reproductive adult
Embryo
Germ cell proliferation
Unfertilized egg passes
out of body.
Figure 26-5 (9 of 9)
Synthesis Pathways of Steroid Hormones
 Steroid hormones
contain cholesterol,
are structurally
similar and share
production pathways
with other steroid
hormones
 Ovary
 Progesterone
 Estrogen
 Testis
 Testosterone
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Regulation of Reproduction by Endocrine System
 Both males and females produce the following, the primary
target tissues are the gonads. The gonads produce androgens
(predominate in males) and estrogens (predominate in
females).
 Hypothalamus: pulse generator of
 Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
 Anterior Pituitary
 Lutenizing hormone (LH)
 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Inhibins and activins- influence the secretion of FSH
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General Pathways
General pattern of
hormonal control of
reproduction
 Long-loop:
hormone
production by
gonads alters

GnRH
Hypothalamus
Short-loop negative feedback
KEY
Stimulus
Anterior
pituitary
Integrating center
GnRH
Efferent pathway
Effector

FSH

LH
Long-loop feedback
may be negative
or positive
 Short-loop:
feedback from
pituitary alters

Internal and
environmental
stimuli
CNS
LH
Tissue response
FSH
Gonads
(ovaries or testes)
Endocrine
cells
Steroid and
peptide hormones
Gamete
production
GnRH
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Figure 26-7
Histology of the Testes
 Seminiferous tubules contain

Spermatogonia- goes through
various stages to become sperm
(spermatogonia, spermatocyte,
spermatids, & sperm)

Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)found between spermatogonia, form
part of the blood-testes barrier
produce inhibin & activin
 Interstitial tissue (found outside of
seminiferous tubules but within
testicles)

Leydig cells- produce testosterone,
active in fetus and after puberty
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Regulation of Spermatogenesis
 GnRH  FSH 
Sertoli cells 
spermatocyte
maturation
Hypothalamus
 Short and
long loops
Integrating center
Efferent pathway
Effector
Tissue response
Anterior
pituitary
 Inhibin feedback
 FSH,
testosterone
KEY
GnRH
FSH
LH
Spermatogonium
Inhibin
Spermatocyte
Testes
Second
messenger
Sertoli
cell
Sertoli
cell
Cell
products
Androgen-binding
protein (ABP)
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ABP
T
Regulation of Spermatogenesis
 GnRH  LH 
Leydig cells 
testosterone 
sex characteristics
 Inhibin feedback
 FSH,
testosterone
 Short and
long
loops
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Male Reproductive Structures
 Male reproductive structures are designed to create sperm, deliver it
internally, and provide it with chemicals to allow it to survive
outside the body
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Male Reproductive Structures
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Figure 26-9b
Male Reproductive Structures
Accessory glands: produce secretions
that in addition to sperm, form semen.
1. Seminal vesicles: secrete a fluid that
contains fructose (sugar), nutrients,
prostagladins to stimulate the urethra
to contract, substances that suppress
the immune system against sperm in
females, enzymes the enhance sperm
mobility, and enzymes that thicken the
ejaculate.
2. Prostate gland: release a milky white
fluid that enhances sperm mobility &
thickens ejaculate. Susceptible to
tumors & STDs.
3. Bulbourethral glands: secrete a
mucus for lubrication and neutralizes
acid in urethra.
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Figure 26-8 (1 of 2)
Female Reproductive Structures
 External genitalia
 Vulva
 Labia Majora & Minora
 Clitoris
 Urethral & Vaginal
opennings
 Passageway
 Urethra
 Vagina
 Hymen
 Birth canal
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Female Reproductive Structures
The female reproductive system is designed for ova(egg) production,
fertilization, fetal development, and fetal delivery. It involves a uterine
and ovarian cycle
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Female Reproductive Structures
 These structures are supported by the broad ligament. The uterus
is not the place of fertilization, thus changes to the lining of the
uterus occur in preparation of implantation and then development
of the fetus
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Ovaries: Structures
 Follicle: primordial,
primary, secondary, matured
(antrum), ruptured
 Oocyte
 Follicular cells
 Thecal cells
 Granulosa cells
 Corpus luteum
 Corups albicans
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Phases of the Ovarian & Uterine Cycle
 Primary hormones
 GnRH from the hypothalamus
 FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
 Estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin from the ovary
 Ovarian Cycle:
 Follicular phase: Follicle growth in ovary (egg matures)
 Ovulation: Ripened follicles and release of oocyte(s)
 Luteal phase: Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum in preparation
for pregnancy
 Uterine Cycle:
 Menses: No pregnancy, Bleeding from uterus
 Proliferative phase: New layer of endometrium in preparation of
pregnancy
 Secretory phase: Conversion of endometrium to secretory structure
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Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle:
Follicular Phase and Ovulation
(a) Early to mid-follicular phase
(b) Late follicular phase and ovulation
GnRH
GnRH
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
FSH
LH
LH
FSH
Follicle
Follicle
Granulosa
cells
Androgens
Estrogens
Granulosa
cells
Thecal
cells
Inhibin
Thecal
cells
Androgens
High estrogen Small amount of
output
progesterone
LH
FSH
KEY
Ovum
Stimulus
Integrating center
Follicle
Inhibin
Estrogen
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Efferent pathway
Tissue response
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Figure 26-14 (2 of 4)
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian & Uterine Cycle
 FSH stimulates follicular
development
 Maturation to secondary
and tertiary follicle
 Granulosa cells produce
estrogen
 Positive feedback
limits more follicles
 Negative feedback
decreases FSH and LH
secretion
 LH stimulates thecal cells
to produce androgens
Phases of the
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Gonadotrophic
hormone
levels
FSH
LH
Ovarian
cycle
Primary
follicle
Ovarian
hormone
levels
Theca
Estrogen
Inhibin
Progesterone
Uterine
cycle
Phases of the
Uterine Cycle
MENSES
36.7
Basal body
temperature
(˚C) 36.4
DAYS
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The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian & Uterine Cycle
 High levels of estrogen
 LH surge and FSH spike
 Egg release
 High levels of inhibin
 Inhibits production of
FSH
 Decrease new follicle
development
 Low levels of progesterone
 Positive feedback
 GnRH and LH
Phases of the
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Gonadotrophic
hormone
levels
Luteal Phase
FSH
LH
Ovarian
cycle
Primary
follicle
Ovarian
hormone
levels
Theca
Estrogen
Antrum
Inhibin
Progesterone
Uterine
cycle
Phases of the
Uterine Cycle
PROLIFERATIVE
PHASE
MENSES
36.7
Basal body
temperature
(˚C) 36.4
DAYS
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Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle: Early
to Mid-Luteal Phase
(a) Early to mid-follicular phase
(b) Late follicular phase and ovulation
GnRH
(c) Early to mid-luteal
phase
GnRH
GnRH
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
FSH
LH
LH
FSH
FSH
LH
Follicle
Follicle
Granulosa
cells
Androgens
Estrogens
Granulosa
cells
Thecal
cells
Corpus luteum
(from ovulated
follicle)
Thecal
cells
secretes
Inhibin
Androgens
High estrogen Small amount of
output
progesterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
LH
FSH
KEY
Ovum
Stimulus
Integrating center
Follicle
Inhibin
Estrogen
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Efferent pathway
Tissue response
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Figure 26-14 (3 of 4)
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian & Uterine Cycle
 Granulosa cells
 Form corpus luteum
 Secretes
progesterone
 High levels of
progesterone and
estrogen maintain
endometrium
 Inhibin continues to limit
new follicular
development
Phases of the
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Gonadotrophic
hormone
levels
Luteal Phase
FSH
LH
Ovarian
cycle
Primary
follicle
Ovarian
hormone
levels
Theca
Estrogen
Antrum
Ovulation
Corpus
luteum
formation
Inhibin
Progesterone
Uterine
cycle
Phases of the
Uterine Cycle
PROLIFERATIVE
PHASE
MENSES
SECRETORY PHASE
36.7
Basal body
temperature
(˚C) 36.4
DAYS
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Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle: Late
Luteal Phase
(a) Early to mid-follicular phase
(b) Late follicular phase and ovulation
GnRH
(c) Early to mid-luteal
phase
(d) Late luteal phase
GnRH
GnRH
GnRH
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Tonic secretion
resumes
FSH
LH
FSH
LH
FSH
FSH
Follicle
Follicle
Granulosa
cells
Androgens
Estrogens
Granulosa
cells
Thecal
cells
Corpus luteum
(from ovulated
follicle)
Thecal
cells
LH
LH
Corpus
luteum
dies
New follicles
begin to
develop
secretes
Inhibin
Androgens
High estrogen Small amount of
output
progesterone
Estrogen and
progesterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
LH
FSH
KEY
Ovum
Stimulus
Integrating center
Follicle
Inhibin
Estrogen
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Efferent pathway
Tissue response
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Figure 26-14 (4 of 4)
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian & Uterine Cycle
 Pregnancy
 Maintains high levels of
progesterone, estrogen,
and inhibin
 No pregnancy
 Decreased levels of
progesterone, estrogen,
and inhibin
 Menses
 High levels of FSH
and LH
 New follicle
development
Phases of the
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Gonadotrophic
hormone
levels
Luteal Phase
FSH
LH
Ovarian
cycle
Primary
follicle
Ovarian
hormone
levels
Theca
Estrogen
Antrum
Ovulation
Corpus
Mature
luteum
corpus
formation luteum
Corpus
albicans
Inhibin
Progesterone
Uterine
cycle
Phases of the
Uterine Cycle
PROLIFERATIVE
PHASE
MENSES
SECRETORY PHASE
36.7
Basal body
temperature
(˚C) 36.4
DAYS
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Procreation: Sexual Response
 Phases of coitus (sexual intercourse or copulation)
 Excitement
 Plateau
 Orgasm
 Resolution
 Erection reflex
 CNS and spinal integration
 Emission
 Ejaculation
 Erectile dysfunction (ED)
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Erection and Ejaculation in Males
KEY
Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Integrating center
Efferent pathway
Effector
Tissue response
Parasympathetic
stimulated
Sympathetic
inhibited
Penile arterioles
vasodilate.
Spinal
cord
Penis
Erection
Tactile
stimuli
Mechanoreceptor
Sensory
neuron
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Figure 26-15 (5 of 7)
Erection and Ejaculation in Males
Thoughts
of Sex!!
KEY
Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Erotic
stimuli
Integrating center
Higher brain
centers
Efferent pathway
Effector
Tissue response
Ascending sensory
pathway
Parasympathetic
stimulated
Sympathetic
inhibited
Penile arterioles
vasodilate.
Spinal
cord
Penis
Erection
Tactile
stimuli
Mechanoreceptor
Sensory
neuron
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Figure 26-15 (6 of 7)
Erection and Ejaculation in Males
Thoughts
of Sex!!
KEY
Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Erotic
stimuli
Integrating center
Higher brain
centers
Efferent pathway
Effector
Tissue response
Descending autonomic Ascending sensory
pathways
pathway
Parasympathetic
stimulated
Sympathetic
inhibited
Penile arterioles
vasodilate.
Spinal
cord
Penis
Erection
Tactile
stimuli
Mechanoreceptor
Sensory
neuron
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Figure 26-15 (7 of 7)
Pregnancy Prevention
 Contraceptives
 Abstinence-also
prevents STDs
 Barriers-prevent
sperm from
entering cervix
 Surgical- prevent
the entry of
gametes
 Pills- affect
uterine lining and
ovulation
http://portal.stii.dost.gov.ph/s
ntpost/frames/OcttoDec03/gr
apix/contraceptives.jpg
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Pregnancy Prevention
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Fertilization
 Sperm capacitation
 Swimming and attractants
 Egg contact
 Penetration
 Acrosomal reaction
 Nuclear fusion
 Cortical reaction
 Zygote
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Fertilization
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Figure 26-16a
Fertilization
 When fertilization occurs the sperm does not enter the egg but the
fusion of the membranes causes the removal of receptors on the egg
so no other sperm can fuse. Notice that meiosis II is only completed if
the egg is fertilized
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Zygote Development: Ovulation, Fertilization,
and Implantation
3 Days 2-4: Cell
division takes place.
2 Day 1:
Fertilization
4 Days 4-5: Blastocyst
reaches uterus.
Inner cell
Zygote
Fallopian
tube
Egg
1 Ovulation
Blastocyst
Ovary
Uterus
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5 Days 5-9:
Blastocyst implants.
Figure 26-18, steps 1–5
Embryonic Development
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Further Embryonic Development
 Chorion and amnion
 Placenta
 Exchange site
 Hormones
 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
 Human placental lactogen (hPL)
 Estrogen and progesterone
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The Placenta
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Figure 26-19a
Development of a Fetus
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Development of a Fetus
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Development of a Fetus
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Regulators of Parturition
 Labor onset
 Stretch stimulus
 Oxytocin
 Prostaglandins
 Positive feedback loop of
parturition
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Parturition: Birth Process
 Labor
 Rhythmic
 Uterine
contractions
 Cervical dilation
 Delivery
 Baby
 Placenta
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Mammary Development
 Modified sweat glands that are
active in pregnant females to
produce milk for the infant.
These first appear as rudimentary
structures in both men and
women. When females reach
puberty estrogen & progesterone
cause the ducts grow but the
glands do no fully develop.
During pregnancy glandular
alveoli form and produce milk
shortly after childbirth.
 Progesterone secreted in
pregnancy actives secretion by
the glands
 High levels of prolactin after
delivery stimulate the production
of milk
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Lactation: Milk Secretion
 Prolactin-inhibiting
hormone (PIH)
 Prolactin
 Milk production
 Suckling
 Inhibits PIH
 Oxytocin
 Let-down reflex
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STD STATS

Chlamydia- (bacteria) 3 million new cases per year- 75% have no symptoms. Painful
frequent urination, discharge, painful sex, sore throat, fever, nausea

Gonorrhea- (bacteria) 700,000 cases/year 50% have no symptoms or the same simptoms as
Chlamydia

Herpes (virus) 1 million new cases/year, 45 million already have it. 1 in 4 pregnant women
have herpes HSV-1 (oral sores) HSV-2 genital

HIV- 7,000 women give birth per year. 20% of infected babies develop AIDS and die by age
4

HPV- 75% of the reproductive population is infected ( 3 in 4 people)

Syphilis- 32,000 new cases/year. A pailess sore is followed by a rash, followed by rough
“copper penny” spots on the palm and bottom of feet

Trichomoniasis- a bacteria that affects 5 million women/year. Foul smell, green discharge,
itching,redness
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http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages/photo#5089143973170425826
Syphillis
Gonorrhea
Genital Herpes
Trichomoniasis
Health.cdwriter.com
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
kiesbeter.nl
 Chlamydia www.medinfo.ufl.edu
 HPV –genital warts
www.4healthyliving.org
 HPV- abnormal cervix & penis
 ispub.com
 www2.hu-berlin.de
 hopkinskimmelcancercenter.org
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings