Transcript Prof. MVDr Václav Kouba, DrSc. participating as the Chief, Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN) when he.

Prof. MVDr Václav Kouba, DrSc.
participating as the Chief, Animal Health Service,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN)
when he was responsible for the global rinderpest eradication programme and its result
FAO message dated 20 September 2010: „FAO highly values your contribution towards rinderpest global eradication.“
Rinderpest
global eradication
Greatest historical achievement of veterinary medicine
Rinderpest is the first animal infection eradicated globally
and not only in susceptible species of domestic but also of wild animals.
This historic achievement ranked as the second in history
after the global eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980.
July 2011
Latest amendment on 20 January 2014
Rinderpest
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The rinderpest recurred throughout history causing hundreds of millions of animal deaths that preceded
famines in Africa and Asia. The catastrophic consequences of the rinderpest caused in 18th century the
foundation of the veterinary profession, in 19th century the establishment of public veterinary services and in 1924
the foundation of the International Office of Epizootics (OIE).
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The rinderpest has been registered in 114 countries of all continents, causing enormous economic losses. After
the World War II there were remaining 66 rinderpest countries.
The initial programmes at local and national levels were gradually extended. In 1986 Animal Health Service of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) after fixing final deadline – 2010 started global
rinderpest eradication programme merging newly established regional projects in Africa, West Asia and South
Asia. The final stage started in 1994 as FAO-GREP project finishing eradication in all remaining countries affected
by the rinderpest.
The main method consisted in: active discovery of all outbreaks, immediate isolation of the places, where cases of
rinderpest were identified, followed by sanitary slaughter and disposal of all sick and suspect animals, thorough
sanitation of infected environment and by a prolonged period of wide spread specific post-eradication serological
surveillance.
More than 3 billion vaccinations of threatened populations played extraordinary protection role. Specific
vaccination was finished in 2006. During following surveys it had been no evidence of the existence of this
infection in the nature.
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The largest and longest international anti-epizootic global programme against the most dangerous animal disease
has been successfully completed before the end of 2010.
Rinderpest worldwide eradication is the best result in the history of veterinary medicine.
Main lesson:
It has been proved the feasibility to eradicate specific animal infection in the whole world
starting n e w e r a of veterinary medicine – global veterinary medicine
considering global animal population as one epizootiological unit.
Rinderpest (cattle plague) had a long history
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example: Bible, The Old Testament: Exodus 9: 1-7 „The plague of the cattle“
= „fifth plague of Egypt“ - during pharaohs‘ nineteenth dynasty (around 13th century B. C.)
Herd of cattle dead due to rinderpest
(World Animal Review, Special Issue – Rinderpest, 1983, FAO)
Herd of cattle dead due to rinderpest
(World Animal Review, Special Issue – Rinderpest, 1983, FAO)
Unloading bodies of dead cattle
Dead cattle bodies in excavated pit for
burial
Rinderpest morbillivirus
(included among biological weapons of mass destruction)
Rinderpest morbillivirus lineages
Rinderpest – small shallow haemorrhagic erosions (looking like bran):
on the inner surface of the lower lips and on the ventral surface of the
tongue tip, Mongolia, 1964
(photo V. Kouba)
Rinderpest – haemorrhagic erosions on the inner surface of the lower and
upper lips, the gums, and on the surface of the tongue,
Saudi Arabia, 1981
(photo V. Kouba)
Rinderpest – haemorrhagic diarrhoea, Mongolia, 1964
(photo V. Kouba)
Rinderpest – haemorrhages in the small intestine, Mongolia, 1964
(photo V. Kouba)
Rinderpest –haemorrhages in the gallbladder, Mongolia, 1964
(photo V. Kouba)
Rinderpest – map of all countries affected
(V. Kouba according to OIE WAHID 2009 data)
FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011
Rinderpest – map of global eradication programme in 1986
(FAO archive)
FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011
Rinderpest
FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011
List of countries affected by rinderpest and years of reporting last cases
(OIE World Animal Health Information Database - WAHID 2010)
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Africa: Angola (1962), Benin (1987), Botswana (1899), Burkina Faso (1988), Burundi (1934), Cameroon (1986),
Central African Republic (1983), Chad (1984), Congo (1986), Cote d’Ivoire (1986), Djibuti (1985), Egypt (1987),
Eritrea (1995), Ethiopia (1995), Gambia (1965), Ghana (1988), Guinea (1967), Guinea Bissau (1967), Kenya
(2003), Lesotho (1886), Libya (1966), Mali (1986), Mauritania (2003), Mozambique (1896), Namibia (1907), Niger
(1986), Nigeria (1987), Reunion (1902), Ruanda (1932), Senegal (1978), Somalia (1983), South Africa (1904),
Sudan (1998), Swaziland (1898), Tanzania (1997), Togo (1986), Uganda (1994), Zambia (1896), Zimbabwe
(1898).
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Americas: Bermuda, Brazil (1921).
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Asia: Afghanistan (1995), Armenia (1928), Azerbaijan (1929), Bahrain (1985), Bangladesh (1958), Bhutan (1969),
Brunei (1950), Cambodia (1986), China (1955), Hong-kong (1950), India (1995), Indonesia (1907), Iran (1994),
Irak (1996), Izrael (1983), Kuwait (1985), Japan (1924), Jordan (1972), Kazakhstan (1928), Korea (1931), KoreaDPR (1948), Laos (1966), Lebanon (1982), Malayasia (1924), Mongolia (1992), Myanmar (1957), Nepal (1990),
Oman (1995), Pakistan (2000), Palestian Auton. Territories (1983), Philippines (1955), Qatar (1987), Saudi Arabia
(1999), Singapur (1930), Sri Lanka (1994), Syria (1982), Taipei China (1949), Thailand (1959), Turkey (1996),
United Arab Emirates (1995), Vietnam (1977), Yemen (1995).
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Europe: Albania (1924), Austria (1881), Belgium (1920), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1883), Bulgaria (1913), Croatia
(1883), Czech Republic (1881), Denmark (1782), Finland (1877), France (1870), Georgia (1989), Germany (1870),
Greece (1926), Hungary (1881), Ireland (1866), Italy (1949), Latvia (1921), Netherlands (1869), Poland (1921),
Romania (1886), Russia (1998), Serbia and Montenegro (1883), Slovakia (1881), Slovenia (1883), Sweden
(1700), Switzerland (1871), U.K./Great Britain (1877), U.K. Northern Ireland (1900).
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Oceania: Australia (1923).
Rinderpest – graph on number of countries officially reporting last
cases during 1963-2003
(V. Kouba according to OIE WAHID 2009 data)
Rinderpest – graph on countries officially reporting last cases
during 1963-2003
(V. Kouba according to OIE WAHID 2009 data)
The author introduced from 1988 periodical analyses of global rinderpest eradication campaign
published in the FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook
Reported cases of rinderpest introduction
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country
Year
Yearbook
Page
Notes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iraq
1918
FAO Rinderp 42
1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 import from India
Syria
1920
FAO Rinderp 42
1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 (persisted until 1934)
Brazil
1921
FAO1978
38
imported zebu from India
Jordan
1926
FAO Rinderp 42
1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998
Italy
1949
FAO1983
70
zoological garden in Rome in imported animals
Bahrain
1962
FAORinderp 42
1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998
Saudi Arabia
1965
FAORinderp 42
1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998
Yemen
1965
FAORinderp 42
1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998
Saudi Arabia
1971
FAO1971
86
+<= +++
Ivory Coast
1972
FAO1972
22
reintroduced through imported cattle
Kuwait
1972
FAO1972
178
in trading cattle imported
Libanon
1972
FAO1972
178
in trading cattle imported
Jordan
1973
FAO1973
177
in quarantine of cattle imported from Africa
Saudi Arabia
1974
FAO1974
102
+++
Kenya
1976
FAO1976
6
Bahrain
1979
FAO1979
102
in imported cattle only 100 % mortality
Kenya
1980
FAO1980
6
<= last case among local cattle in 1975
Kenya
1981
FAO1981
6
<=
Iran
1982
FAO1982
179
imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa
Kenya
1982
FAO1982
6
<=
Oman
1982
FAO1982
179
imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa
Saudi Arabia
1982
FAO1982
179
imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa
Syria
1982
FAO1982
86
+! brought by slaughterstock
UnitedArabEmirat.
1982
FAO1982
179
imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa
Kenya
1983
FAO1983
6
<=
Oman
1983
FAO1983
102
imported cattle
Kenya
1984
FAO1984
6
<=
Oman
1984
FAO1984
102
<= source of outbreaks: imported cattle
UnitedArabEmirat.
1984
FAO1984
102
<=
Bahrain
1985
FAO1985
156
in imported cattle
Turkey
1991
WAHOIE1997 331
due to illegal movement of animals
Iran
1994
WAHOIE1994 535
in fattening cattle illegally imported via the western borders
Turkey
1994
WAHOIE1994 11
illegal import
Eritrea
1995
WAHOIE1995 10
ox bought-market Asmara probably imported
UnitedArabEmirat.
1995
WAHOIE1997 345
in cattle imported from a country of the Horn of Africa
Turkey
1996
WAHOIE1996 12
throught illegal import-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FAO = FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook; WAHOIE = OIE World Animal Health
Source: http:vaclavkouba.byl.cz/disintrod.htm
Example of author‘s involment as the Chief, Animal Health Service,
FAO responsible for the rinderpest global eradication programme.
(Africa territory – PARC HQs, Nairobi, Kenya)
Dr Walter N. Masiga, Director, IBAR
(Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resurces),
Organization of African Unity, Nairobi, Kenya
Other example of author‘s involment as the Chief, Animal Health Service, FAO responsible
for rinderpest global eradication programme.
(West Asia territory – WAREC HQs, Bagdad, Iraq)
Full text in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/rinderpestA.htm
FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011
Management of rinderpest global eradication
under the leadership of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Global eradication of rinderpest represented a very
difficult extraordinary complex problem to be
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solved being complicated by the fact that every case was
different under different conditions requiring different practical
application of established anti-rinderpest principles and targetoriented plans.
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Before starting to write the proper project documents, there
was a need for programme context and convincing
justification of expecting result, i.e. situation at the end of
the project. When preparing anti-rinderpest projects it must
be considered not only the disease occurrence, its territorial
localization, stage of development (bases for programme
measures) but also domestic and wild animal populations of
susceptible species size, structure and distribution. Targetoriented investigative activities provided necessary
information on rinderpest occurrence before starting, during
and at the end of the programme as well as during follow-up
period. It must be considered veterinary service
organization and its ability of anti-rinderpest actions. It must
be considered influencing factors such as ecological,
economic, social, cultural and political conditions as well as
public, government and donors’ supports. In some country
political instability or even war complicated anti-rinderpest
programme. The grade of the demandingness was
multiplied by the fact that the time-bound programme
required to reach the eradication prior to the deadline what
was much more difficult than before 1985 without fixed
global deadline.
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Among the most difficult anti-rinderpest projects’ problems
was to raise necessary funds for national as well as
international programmes.
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The demanding global rinderpest eradication programmes
had different work/resources/time consuming phases:
preparatory phase:
rinderpest etiology and epizootiology research and its results’
testing; field investigations to identify all outbreaks and
threatened territories; identification of control/eradication
strategy, tactics and methodology (incl. diagnosis system
based on laboratory investigations); feasibility studies and
pilot testing; specific vaccine development, production and
control; creation of necessary conditions (manpower,
material, transport, funds incl. subsidies; logistics; public,
legislation and political support; etc.); identification of specific
objectives (incl. deadlines); attraction of donors; clearance
procedures;
starting phase;
intensive attack phase combined with protective measures
including vaccination;
elimination phase,
eradication phase and
post-eradication phase under continuing surveillance
verifying freedom from rinderpest and systematic
evaluations.
All these inter-connected phases were exigent but very
important depending on the results of the previous ones.
Complex system approach when applying action-oriented
epizootiological principles was of extraordinary importance.
More information in:
http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/rp_action3.htm
http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/Rinderpest-lessons.htm
http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/Rinderpest-CENTAUR.htm
Full text in: http://www.projects.its.czu.cz/ats/index.htm
Examples of anti-rinderpest activities
of Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
REGIONAL FIELD PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE DURING 1990
- Technical support to Pan-African Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (PARC)
- PARC: Communication and Training (OAU Countries)
- PARC: Training on National Communication Officers (OAU Countries)
- Veterinary Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Africa
- Technical Support for National Mass Communication Activities PARC
- Improvement of Vaccine Production in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa
- Communication Coordination (PARC)
- Progr. regional de serosurveillance de la peste bovine
- Western Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination (WARECC)
-South Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (SAREC)
ANTI-RINDERPEST MEETINGS ORGANIZED BY ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE, FAO
1981: Joint FAO/OAU/OIE Meeting on Rinderpest Eradication in Africa
1983:Second Informal Meeting on the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign
1984:Expert Consultation on Rinderpest Diagnosis and Vaccine Production/Control
1987:Expert Consultation on Global Strategy for Control and Eradication of Rinderpest
1992:Expert Consultation on Strategy for Global Rinderpest Eradication
1995:Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning for Rinderpest and other Epidemic Disease Emergencies in
Africa
FAO PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS ON RINDERPEST CONTROL
1967: Diagnostic of Rinderpest
1985: A Practical Guide for Rinderpest Campaign Field Personnel
1986: Manual on the Diagnosis of Rinderpest
1994: Quality Control Testing of Rinderpest Cell Culture Vaccine
FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK
Annual information on rindepest occurrence in individual countries
Annual analysis of rinderpest occurrence changes
Special reports on regional (continental) anti-rindepest situation and activities:
OAU/FAO Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC)
West Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination (WARECC)
Reports of FAO Regional Offices: for Africa (RAFR), Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) and Near East (RNE)
Two former Chiefs, Animal Health Service,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO):
Prof. Dr Václav Kouba (Czechoslovakia)
with his predecessor
Dr Joshihiro Ozawa (Japan)
(he initiated and launched in 1986 global rinderpest eradication programme, incl. forecasting its deadline - by 2010)
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Following Chiefs, Animal Health Service, FAO:
Dr Yves Cheneau (France)
Dr Joseph Maurice Domenech (France)
Dr Juan Lubroth (USA)
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all also responsible for global rinderpest eradication
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programme management and results.
Very important role was played by supporting
departments of the FAO HQs headed by DirectorGenerals. The final phase of eradication was
associated with the name Jacques Diouf, DG who
this programme devoted special attention.
Examples of participating rinderpest specialists
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Kris J. Wojciechowski (Poland/Ireland), Senior Animal Health Officer (Virology),
Animal Health Service, FAO HQs - in charge of FAO rinderpest projects
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J. Mark Rweyemamu, Senior Animal Health Officer, Animal Health Service, FAO HQs
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Walter N. Masiga (Kenya), Director, IBAR (Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resurces),
Organization of African Unity, Nairobi, Kenya
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Amadou Samba Sidibe (Mali), Coordinator of PARC (Pan-African Rinderpest
Eradication Campaign) in West and Central Africa
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Solomon Haile Mariam (Ethiopia), PARC (Pan-African Rinderpest
Eradication Campaign) Project Leader and Coordinator
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Satish Chandra Mathur (India), FAO Project Coordinator,
West Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign
Examples of other specialists participating
in global rinderpest eradication programme
W. Plowright, R.D. Ferris*), A. Provost, P.L. Roeder, M. Jeggo, J. Slingenberg, W.
P. Taylor, A. James,, F. Njeumi, J. Otte, M. Sasaki, H. R. Raja, D.M. Chibeu, Ahmed
El-Sawalhy, M. Rajasekhar, M. Hussain, A. Kamata, K. Tounkara, C. Bodjo, H.
Unger, T. Barrett, M.D. Baron, G. Libeau, M. Bogal, N. Denormandie, S. Edwards,
J.-F. Chary, G. Viljoen, V. Mádr, L. Dedek, J. Menšík, V. Rozkošný, J. Pearson, A.
Shimshony, D. Sylla, A. Diallo, G. Libeau, A. Khan, P.C. Lefevre, G.R. Scott, S.
Edwards, P.P. Pastoret, J. Nakamura, J. Mariner, K. Fukusho, T. Furutani, H.I.
Stoddart, V.G. Hinds, P. Gibbs and many others.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*) Plowright, W.; Ferris, R. D. (1962). "Studies with rinderpest virus in tissue culture. The use of
attenuated culture virus as a vaccine for cattle". Res Vet Sci 3: 172–182
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Examples of International rinderpest reference laboratories
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Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, United Kingdom;
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya;
Institut sénégalais agricole, Laboratoire nationale de l‘élevage et de recherches
vétérinaire, Dakar, Senegal;
Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, USA.
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Examples of participating organizations
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The programme required close collaboration with global partners such as:
International Office
of Epizootics (OIE)
providing disease occurrence
information, standards for diagnostic tests and vaccine, pathway for
declaration of a country as rinderpest-free, development of guidelines etc..
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) helping through “Joint FAO/IAEA
Division on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture” with rinderpest
diagnosis using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques.
From the regional partners it must be mentioned at least African Union’s InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR) managing PARC programme
(1986-1998) succeeded by the Pan African Programme for the Control of
Epizooties (PACE).
French Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour
le Développment (CIRAD).
Close collaboration with rinderpest country governments represented an
absolute condition.
FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011
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The Joint FAO-IAEA Division on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture was
helping developing countries with rinderpest diagnosis using Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques.
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The rinderpest global eradication programme
was implemented and/or actively supported by:
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governments of all rinderpest affected and threatened countries;
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hundreds of participating institutions:
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for national and international research,
for rinderpest vaccine production and control
veterinary diagnostic laboratories, etc.
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incalculable numbers of persons of many generations:
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veterinarians, animal health assistants and laboratory technicians of public and
private animal health services
veterinary researchers
teachers and students of veterinary schools,
zootechnicians, cattle/buffalo farmers and pastoralists,
community, district, provincial and national authority officers and
countless other collaborators
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Finacial sources
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FAO rinderpest global eradication field projects were supported from
different financial sources:
FAO Technical Cooperation Programmes (TCP) were funded from
FAO’ Regular Programme.
Outside sources:
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Trust Funds (TF),
FAO/Government Cooperative Programme (GCP), Unilateral Trust Funds (UTF)
etc.
Donors:
governments of Japan, United Kingdom, France, USA, Italy, Canada, Germany,
etc.
numerous donor agencies such as European Development Fund (EDF),
Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) etc.
several international banks.
Joint FAO/OIE Committee on Global Rinderpest Eradication
final report
Thirty-seventh Session of FAO Conference in Rome on 28 June 2011
adopted the Resolution containing the
“Declaration
on Global Freedom from Rinderpest
and on the Implementation of Follow-up Measures to Maintain World Freedom
from Rinderpest“.
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Declaration on Rinderpest
Eradication
The Conference of the FAO adopted the
following Resolution:
Resolution 4/2011 Declaration on Global Freedom from
Rinderpest and on the Implementation of Follow-up
Measures to Maintain World Freedom from Rinderpest
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THE CONFERENCE,
Mindful of the devastation caused by rinderpest, a viral
disease of cattle, buffalo and many wildlife species that led to
famines, demise of livelihoods in Africa, Asia and Europe,
and loss of animal genetic resources over centuries and of
the crucial importance that its global eradication is widely
acknowledged and the world protected from its reoccurrence;
Acknowledging the successful collaboration of FAO with
many Governments, international and regional organizations,
the veterinary profession and the scientific community to
achieve this ambitious goal, recalling its vision of a world free
from hunger and malnutrition, where the food and agriculture
sectors contribute to improving the living standards of all in
an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable
manner, and reiterating the global goals set out by the FAO
Members to foster the achievement of this vision as
formulated in the Organization’s Strategic Framework 201019;
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Recalling the establishment of the Emergency Prevention
System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and
Diseases (EMPRES) in 1994, in particular its Global
Rinderpest Eradication Programme, including a goal for
worldwide eradication by 2010;
Considering the announcement of the Director-General in October 2010 that
the Organization had ended all its field operations after having obtained
reliable and conclusive evidence that all countries were free from rinderpest
and that the disease had been eradicated in its natural setting;
Noting the conclusions reached by the Joint FAO/OIE Committee on Global
Rinderpest Eradication and the adoption of Resolution 18/2011 by the 79th
General Session of May 2011 of the World Assembly of Delegates of the
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE);
Noting further the technical findings of FAO, OIE and IAEA concerning the
evidence of rinderpest eradication;
Acknowledging the responsibility of Governments to reduce the number of
existing rinderpest virus stocks through their safe destruction, or through their
transfer to internationally-recognised reference institutions:
1) Declares solemnly that the world has achieved freedom from rinderpest in
its natural setting;
2) Expresses its deep gratitude to all nations, organizations and individuals
who contributed to the fight against rinderpest and the successful eradication
of the disease;
3) Calls upon FAO to assume its responsibility for undertaking the measures
to maintain worldwide freedom from rinderpest, as recommended by the Joint
FAO/OIE Committee on Global Rinderpest Eradication;
4) Encourages FAO to take full advantage of the rinderpest eradication
achievement and apply the lessons learned to prevent and control other
diseases impacting food security, public health, the sustainability of agriculture
systems and rural development and
5) Urges all Members of FAO:
a) to maintain, in accordance with the relevant provisions of OIE’s Terrestrial
Animal Health Code, appropriate surveillance systems for rinderpest and
immediately notify the OIE and the FAO/OIE/WHO Global Early Warning
System of suspect or confirmed cases of rinderpest;
b) to put in place and update national contingency plans consistent with FAO
and OIE global guidance;
c) to destroy, under the supervision of the Veterinary Authority, rinderpest
virus-containing materials or assure the storage of these materials in a biosecure facility in their country or, where applicable, assure their safe transfer to
an approved laboratory in another country in agreement with the Veterinary
Authority;
d) to ensure that rinderpest occupies an appropriate place in veterinary
education curricula and training programmes to maintain professional
knowledge and adequate diagnostic capabilities at national levels; and
e) to support all technical measures required to minimize the risk of rinderpest
re-emergence, or its synthetic manufacture.
The author received on 1. August 2011 an e-mail from Dr Yoshihiro Ozawa (Japan), key international rinderpest
virologist, former Chief, Animal Health Service, FAO who in 1980s initiated g l o b a l rinderpest eradication
programme. He is shortly describing the background why the FAO official documents f a l s e l y informed
that the global rinderpest eradication programme started in 1994 suppressing the truth about decisive stage
work during 1980s:
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“Dear Vaclav,
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I met Juan after the meeting (29 June) and expressed my disappointment
as to the way the FAO DG presented at the meeting emphasizing too
much on the activities in Africa and the GREP programme which started
in 1994. Juan Lubroth told me that Diouf was of the view that rinderpest
eradication was mainly achieved by the GREP Programme which started
by his own support. As he is leaving FAO in September, he wanted to
give impression that GREP was achieved by his own initiative.
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To me the FAO ceremony was not at all reflecting the true history of RP
campaigns which we started in 1980s. I agree with you that we should
try to keep the true history of rinderpest campaigns.
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When we met in Rome you showed me a chart showing the number of
RP cases in 1980s and 1990s. I hope you will publish the chart in a vet.
journal in the near future. If you could kindly send me the draft chart by
email, it will be very much appreciated.
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Best wishes.
Yoshihiro Ozawa”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Note: Author‘s protesting text sent to FAO HQs (by e-mail to Dr Juan Lubroth, Chief, Animal Health Service on 2.August 2011) can be
found in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/rinderpest-lessons.htm :
under „Amendment information – 1. Comments on Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme“.
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It was very nice that we could meet in Rome to during the FAO session
in Rome on the eradication of rinderpest. Although we could not have
enough time to talk about the history of rinderpest eradication, it was
obvious that the true history of rinderpest eradication campaigns was
not properly presented at the FAO Sessions.
Author recieved on 11 Dec. 2013 an e-mail from
Dr Salomon Haile Mariam,
former PARC (Pan-African Rinderpest Eradication Campaign)
Project Leader and Coordinator.
Initial paragraph see below:
Words of a top level expert appreciating the role of the author in
the global eradication of rinderpest.
Conclusion
The global eradication of rinderpest in 2010 ranked as the second in history after the
eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980. Rinderpest, included among biological
weapons of mass destruction, is the first animal infection eradicated globally. It recurred
throughout history causing hundreds of millions of animal deaths. It was registered in 114
countries of all continents. After the World War II it was still reported from 66 countries in
Africa and Asia. After being available all necessary knowledge about rinderpest virus and
its circulation as well as enough anti-rinderpest measures’ experience and after long
preparatory period, started in 1986 the global programme of its eradication. The main
method consisted in active discovery, isolation and stamping out of all outbreaks
combined with mass vaccination of populations at risk and years-long active surveillance.
The conversion of theoretical methodology for rinderpest global eradication into practical
reality required an extraordinary complex of very demanding managerial measures’
system. It included objectives/deadline identification, planning, organizing, ensuring
material and financial resources, staffing, leading etc. This complex was represented by an
organization pyramid with inter-connected components’ structure having the basis at
rinderpest affected countries and its top at Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations responsible for technical assistance, global
coordination and leadership.