Transcript Peste des Petits Ruminants

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Peste des Petits Ruminants
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Pest of Small Ruminants, Pest of
Sheep and Goats, StomatitisPneumoenteritis Complex or
Syndrome, Pseudorinderpest of
Small Ruminants, Kata, Goat Plague,
contagious Pustular Stomatitis
Overview
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Organism
Economic impact
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical signs
Diagnosis and treatment
Prevention and control
Actions to take
The Organism
The Organism
Family Paramyxoviridae
• Genus Morbillivirus
• Similar to Rinderpest
• Other members of the family include
− Measles virus
− Canine distemper virus
− Phocid distemper virus
of sea mammals
• Four lineages of PPRV have
been identified; lineage 1 and 2 viruses in
west Africa, lineage 3 in east Africa,
Arabia and southern India, and lineage 4
• in the Middle East reaching east as far as Nepal and
Bangladesh
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
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Outbreaks were first described in West Africa in 1942
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Soon spread to Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana
• 1972: Sudan
• Since the 1990s, outbreaks have
• been reported from the Arabian Peninsula
• as far north as Turkey and extending
through Pakistan and India to Nepal and
Bangladesh.
Geographic Distribution
Susceptible Species
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Principally goats and sheep
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Cattle and pigs seroconvert but do not transmit disease
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Role of wildlife in transmission unknown
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PPR virus were suspected to be involved in a highly
contagious disease of Ethiopian camels in 1995
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High mortality in Indian buffalo in 1977
Morbidity/Mortality
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Morbidity 50-90%
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More severe in goats , young animals, poor
nutrition, concurrent parasitic infections
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Goats more susceptible than sheep
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Casefatality rates are also much higher in goats
(55-85%) than in sheep ( less than%10 (
Economic Impact
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Presence of disease can limit
− Trade
and export
− Import of new breeds
− Development of
intensive livestock
production
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Loss of animal
protein for human
consumption
Transmission
Center for Food Security and Public Health
Iowa State University - 2004
Animal Transmission
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As in rinderpest, close contact with an infected
animal or contaminated fomites is required for
the disease to spread.
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Virus present in ocular, nasal and oral secretions
and feces
No known carrier
state
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Risk factors and immune
mechanisms
Kids over 4 months and under 1 year
of age are most susceptible to the disease.
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Human Transmission
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The Pestes des Petit ruminants virus
does not infect humans
Clinical Signs
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acute or subacute.
The acute form is seen mainly in goats and is similar to
rinderpest in cattle
 Incubation period 3 to 6 days
• A high fever (above 40°C) and anorexia
• serous discharge from the eyes and nostrils.
• A day or two later,discrete necrotic lesions develop in
the mouth
• Nasal and ocular discharges become mucopurulent and
the exudate dries up
• mucoid and blood tinged Diarrhea develops 3-4 d after
the
• Dyspnea and coughing occur
• Death usually occurs within 1 week of the onset
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Clinical Signs
Post Mortem Lesions
Inflammatory and necrotic lesions
− Oral cavity
− Throughout gi tract
• Emaciation
• “Zebra stripe”Hemorrhagic
ulceration of large intestine
• Regional lymph nodes are enlarged
and wet and the spleen may be enlarged.
 interstitial pneumonia
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Clinical Diagnosis
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Clinical
− PPR
should be considered in any acutely
febrile, highly contagious disease with
oral erosions and GI signs
Diagnosis
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Laboratory Tests
− Wide
variety are used for detecting
virus, viral antigen, viral nucleic acid
and antibody
Diagnosis
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Samples
− Swabs
of conjunctival, nasal, buccal and
rectal discharges
− Whole blood collected on heparin
− Lymph nodes, especially mesenteric and
bronchial nodes
− Spleen
− Large intestine and lungs
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Transport under refrigeration
Treatment
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No specific treatment
Drugs to control bacterial and
parasitic complications may
decrease mortality
Supportive care
Prevention and Control
Center for Food Security and Public Health
Iowa State University - 2004
Disinfection
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PPR virus killed by most common
disinfectants
− Phenols
− Sodium
hydroxide 2% for 24 hours
− Ether
− Detergents
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Virus survives for long periods in
chilled or frozen tissues
Vaccination
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Rinderpest vaccine used in Africa effective for 12
months against PPR
Homologous attenuated PPR vaccine
Kids and lambs should be vaccinated at 3-4
months of age
Control and Eradication
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Affected area should be quarantined
Infected animals slaughtered
Carcasses burned or buried
Proper disposal of contact fomites,
decontamination
Import restrictions
Internet Resources
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World Organization for Animal Health
(OIE) website
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations
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www.oie.int
www.fao.org
USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases – “The
Gray Book”
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www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book
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