Transcript IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology RADIATION PROTECTION IN DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY Part 12.2 : Shielding and X-ray.

IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
RADIATION PROTECTION IN
DIAGNOSTIC AND
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
Part 12.2 : Shielding and X-ray room design
Practical exercise - Inspection
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Overview / Objectives
• Subject matter : Inspection of diagnostic
radiology department
• Step by step procedure to be followed
• Interpretation of results
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12.2 : Shielding and X-ray room design
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IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Part 12.2 : Shielding and X-ray room
design
Practical exercise Check list inspection of diagnostic radiology
department
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Radiology Department Features
• Physical
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Access, and access restriction
Separation of work and public areas
Radiation signs (trefoils, illuminated signs)
Shielding construction and materials
Protective equipment
• Operational
• QC program
• Local rules
• Staff qualifications and training
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Radiology Department Infrastructure
• This must include :
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electrical power
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
floor space and floor loading
links to other critical areas e.g., emergency
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Design Principles (1)
• For a safe radiation environment, there are
certain principles and considerations:
• “separation” of different functional areas helps
control access :
• public areas (waiting, change etc.)
• staff areas (offices, meeting rooms etc.)
• work areas (radiation rooms, dark rooms, labs.)
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Patient Access Corridor
• Note :
• room numbers
• access to change
rooms
• no access to staff
areas
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Controlled Areas
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Design Principles (2)
• Control of public access to work areas
• work areas will normally be controlled areas,
therefore public can only access when being
examined or treated
• Flow of staff to, from, and within work areas
- separate from public areas
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Design Principles (3)
• Consideration of spaces adjacent to
radiation areas, including above and below
• Storage space required (always need more
than anticipated!!)
• Lab, teaching, and meeting areas
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Design Principles (4)
• Film processing and storage
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location relative to radiation areas
chemical storage and disposal
ventilation (glutaraldehyde fumes)
silver recovery
bulk film storage
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Categories of Radiology Departments
•
WHO (1988) has three categories :
1. general radiography, general ultrasound,
general fluoroscopy, conventional tomography
2. as Level 1, plus Doppler ultrasound,
mammography, angiography (incl. DSA), CT
3. as Level 2, with more sophisticated
techniques, plus MRI
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Radiology Room Features
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X-ray tube(s) and table
Chest stand
Change room(s)
Operator’s console
Darkroom and film storage
Surrounding areas (use, occupancy)
Shielding
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Typical Room Design
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Department Design (1)
• Larger departments, with ~ 4 or more rooms
can be arranged to have separated traffic
flows, but small departments can do this by
having separate entry for staff and patients
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Department Design (2)
• X-ray rooms :
• must be large enough for the equipment (remember a
chest stand)
• must have sufficient space for patient transport (wheel
chair, gurney or trolley, etc.) and for staff to transfer
patient to x-ray examination table (if inpatient facility)
• should have at least one patient change cubicle
accessible from outside the room
• must locate the operator’s console where the primary
beam will NEVER be directed towards it, but where the
patient can be easily observed
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Fluoroscopy Room Operator’s Area
Note :
Lead glass,
clear view,
good
lighting
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Fluoroscopy Room
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Department Design (3)
• must be able to accommodate large beds
and trolleys, and any anaesthetic equipment
likely to be used
• must locate holes in floors for cables away
from radiation beams, or be shielded
• should have radiation warning signs on all
doors
• should have radiation warning lights outside
for fluoroscopy, angiography and CT
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C-Arm
Fluoroscopy Unit
Note :
Image
intensifier
X-ray tube
under patient
For lateral projection, image
intensifier should be next to
physician carrying out the
procedure
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CT Room Entrance
Note :
illuminated warning
sign
sliding shielded
doors
radiation warning
sign
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Protective Equipment
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Lead vinyl materials, especially gowns
Lead vinyl is 0.3 - 0.5 mm + equivalent
Front is more important than rear
Can be partially open at rear (only high Pb) if
staff member is not standing with back
towards patient
• Must be tested new and ~ every 12 months
(using fluoroscopy)
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Radiology Work Area
Note :
rack for lead gowns,
and easy access to
all work rooms for
staff
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