Transcript Managerial economics Bab 6 : PhD in Economics, 1998, Dept. of Economics, The University of Queensland, Australia. Post Graduate Diploma in Regional Dev.,1994, Dept. of Economics, The Univ.

Managerial economics
Bab 6 :
PhD
in Economics, 1998,
Dept. of Economics, The
University of Queensland,
Australia.
Post
Graduate Diploma in
Regional Dev.,1994, Dept.
of Economics, The Univ. of
Queensland, Australia.
in Rural & Regional
Development Planning,
1986, Graduate School,
Bogor Agricultural
University, Bogor
Teori dan Estimasi
Produksi
MS
Lecturer : Muchdie, PhD in Economics
Pokok Bahasan
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Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek
Kurva Biaya Jangka Panjang
Ukuran Pabrik dan Skala Ekonomis
Kurva Pembelajaran
Minimisasi Biaya Secara Internasional
Manajemen Logistik atau Penawaran Berantai ?
Analisis Biaya-Volume-Laba dan Ungkitan Operasi
Estimasi Empiris dan Fungsi Biaya
Ringkasan, Pertanyaan Diskusi, Soal-Soal dan Alamat Situs
Internet
• Lampiran : Analisis Biaya Menggunakan Kalkulus
• Studi Kasus Gabungan 3 : Fungsi Produksi dan Biaya di Industri
Pengilangan Minyak
Sifat dan Karakter Biaya
• Biaya Ekspisit
– Biaya Akuntansi
• Biaya Ekonomis
– Biaya Implisit
– Biaya Alternatif atau Biaya Opportunitas
• Biaya Relevan
– Biaya Inkremental
– Biaya Tenggelam (Sunk Costs)
Prepared by Robert F.
Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright
©2004 by South-Western, a
division of Thomson
Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek
Biaya Total
(Total Cost) = TC = f(Q)
Biaya Tetap Total
(Total Fixed Cost) = TFC
Biaya Variabel Total
(Total Variable Cost) = TVC = f(Q)
TC = TFC + TVC
Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek
Biaya Total Rata-Rata
(Average Total Cost) = ATC = TC/Q
Biaya Tetap Rata-Rata
(Average Fixed Cost) = AFC = TFC/Q
Biaya Variabel Rata-Rata
(Average Variable Cost) = AVC = TVC/Q
ATC = AFC + AVC
Biaya Marjinal
(Marginal Cost) = TC/Q = TVC/Q
Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek
Q
0
1
2
3
4
5
TFC
$60
60
60
60
60
60
TVC
$0
20
30
45
80
135
TC
$60
80
90
105
140
195
AFC
$60
30
20
15
12
AVC
$20
15
15
20
27
ATC
$80
45
35
35
39
MC
$20
10
15
35
55
Fungsi Biaya
Jangka Pendek
Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek
Biaya Variabel Rata-Rata
AVC = TVC/Q = w/APL
Biaya Marjinal
TC/Q = TVC/Q = w/MPL
Kurva Biaya Jangka Panjang
Total Biaya Jangka Panjang
(Long-Run Total Cost) = LTC = f(Q)
Biaya Rata-Rata Jangka Panjang
(Long-Run Average Cost) = LAC = LTC/Q
Biaya Marjinal Jangka Panjang
(Long-Run Marginal Cost) = LMC = LTC/Q
Penurunan Kurva Biaya Jangka Panjang
Hubungan Antara Kurva Jangka
Panjang dengan Kurva Jangka Pendek
Ukuran Pabrik dan
Skala Ekonomis
Kemungkinan Bentuk Kurva Biaya Jangka Panjang
Kurva Pembelajaran
Biaya Rata-Rata dari Unit Q = C = aQb
Bentuk Estimasi: log C = log a + b Log Q
Meminimumkan Biaya
Secara Internasional
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Foreign Sourcing of Inputs
New International Economies of Scale
Immigration of Skilled Labor
Brain Drain
Manajemen Logistik atau Penawaran
Berantai ?
• Merges and integrates functions
– Purchasing
– Transportation
– Warehousing
– Distribution
– Customer Services
• Source of competitive advantage
Manajemen Logistik atau Penawaran
Berantai ?
• Reasons for the growth of logistics
– Advances in computer technology
• Decreased cost of logistical problem solving
– Growth of just-in-time inventory management
• Increased need to monitor and manage input and
output flows
– Globalization of production and distribution
• Increased complexity of input and output flows
Analisis Biaya-Volume-Laba
Penerimaan Total
(Total Revenue) = TR = (P)(Q)
Biaya Total
(Total Cost) = TC = TFC + (AVC)(Q)
Volume Breakeven
(Breakeven Volume) TR = TC
(P)(Q) = TFC + (AVC)(Q)
QBE = TFC/(P - AVC)
Analisis Biaya-Volume-Laba
P = 10
TFC = 200
AVC = 5
QBE = 40
Ungkitan Operasi (Operating Leverage)
Ungkitan Operasi
(Operating Leverage) = TFC/TVC
Derajat Ungkitan Operasi
(Degree of Operating Leverage) = DOL
%
Q( P  AVC )
DOL 
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%Q Q( P  AVC )  TFC
Ungkitan Operasi
TC’ has a higher DOL
than TC and therefore a
higher QBE
Estimasi Empiris :
Data Collection Issues
• Opportunity Costs Must be Extracted from
Accounting Cost Data
• Costs Must be Apportioned Among Products
• Costs Must be Matched to Output Over Time
• Costs Must be Corrected for Inflation
Estimasi Empiris
Bentuk Fungsional untuk
Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek
Bentuk Teoritis
Pendekatan Linear
TVC  aQ  bQ2  cQ3
TVC  a  bQ
TVC
2
AVC 
 a  bQ  cQ
Q
a
AVC   b
Q
MC  a  2bQ  3cQ2
MC  b
Estimasi Empiris
Bentuk Teoritis
Pendekatan Linear
Estimasi Empiris
Kurva Biaya Jangka Panjang
• Analisis Regresi Seksi Silang
(Cross-Section Regression Analysis)
• Metode Rekayasa
(Engineering Method)
• Teknik Survival
(Survival Technique)
Estimasi Empiris
LAC Aktual Vs LAC Estimasi Empiris
Penutup
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Ringkasan (9 Butir)
Pertanyaan Diskusi (15 Pertanyaan)
Soal-Soal (15 Soal)
Alamat Situs Internet
Lampiran Bab 7 : Analisis Biaya
Menggunakan Kalkulus
• Studi Kasus Gabungan 3 : Fungsi Produksi
dan Biaya Dalam Industri Pengilangan
Minyak