Transcript Indicators for the 2nd World Water Development Report (WWDR-II) World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)

Indicators for the 2nd
World Water Development Report
(WWDR-II)
World Water Assessment Programme
(WWAP)
WWAP Mandate
By coordinating the inputs from 24 UN agencies
Describe the State of Water Resources:
– Assess needs, uses and demands on the resource.
– Define critical problems.
– Assess the coping capacity of societies.
– Assess the effectiveness of policies.
Enhance capacities of countries to make national
assessments.
Develop indicators to monitor and report progress
against targets.
The WWAP Challenge Areas
Valuing Water
Managing Risks
Sharing Water
Governing Water
Wisely
Water and
Energy
Water and
Industry
Meeting Basic Needs
(Health)
Water for Food
Water and Ecosystems
Human
Settlements
World Water Development Report II
Contents: (to be published 22 March 2006)
• Section 1: Setting the Scene
• Section 2: Challenges to Life and Well-being
• Section 3: Management Responses
• Section 4: Case Studies
• Section 5: Conclusions and recommendations
for action
Section 1: Setting the Scene
• Chapter 1: Global change
UNESCO
• Chapter 2: The Challenges of Governance
UNDP, FAO/UNEP/UNCBD/ Regional Commissions
• Chapter 3: Water and Human Settlements
UN-HABITAT, WHO/UNDESA
• Chapter 4: The State of the Water Resource
WMO/UNESCO
Water and Governance
WWDR-I
No indicators
WWDR-II
- Global Survey: Freedom in the World - Political
Rights and Civil Liberties
- Access to information, participation and justice in
water decisions (water quality related)
- Baseline Survey: Assessing the Progress of
Countries towards Achieving the WSSD 2005
Implementation Plan target on WRM/IWRM
Planning
Nature of Water Resources in WWDR-II
Water Resource Assessment Index - Status of WRA by country
- Adequacy of current national assessments;
- Effort for documentation about the changes of water resources;
- Effort for gathering and accessibility to water resources data
TARWR (Total annual renewable water resources)
- Climate zones
- Surface annual runoff (SWAR) % of TARWR
- GW (Ground water) Annual recharge (GAR) as % of TARWR
- Interaction - SW/GW as % TARWR
- Inflow from other nations
- Outflow to other nations
- GW Aquifer Type (links to GW stored)
Precipitation
- Amount (mm/year) comparing current annual precipitation with historical
precipitation values as % of normal precipitation
Water Use Characteristics
- Categories-all sources for 3 uses as % of TARWR
- GW use sustainability as % of TARWR
- GW use (%) in agriculture, municipalities, industry
- SW use (%) in agriculture, municipalities, industry
- SW use sustainability as % of TARWR
Section 2: Challenges to Life and Well-being
- for equity and environmental sustainability
• Chapter 5: Water and Health
WHO/UNICEF
• Chapter 6: Water and Ecosystems
UNEP, UNECE/WHO/UNCBD/UNESCO/UNDESA/UNU
• Chapter 7: Water and Food
FAO, WHO/UNEP/IAEA
• Chapter 8: Water and Industry
UNDP, WHO/UNDESA
• Chapter 9: Water and Energy
UNDP, WHO/UNEP/Regional Commissions
Water and Health
WWDR-I
- Distribution of unserved people – water supply
- Distribution of unserved people – sanitation
- Actual and total water supply coverage, global, urban and rural breakdown
- Actual and total sanitation coverage, global, urban and rural breakdown
- Incidence of Cholera in the world
WWDR-II
- The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
- Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age
- Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age
- Mortality rate of children under 5 years of age
- Access to safe drinking water
- Access to basic sanitation
Water and Ecosystem
WWDR-I
- Emissions of water pollutants by sector
- Biological quality of rivers
- Relative naturalness of land in major river basins
- Water quality indicator values in selected countries
- Number of threatened freshwater fish in selected countries
- Proportion of species at risk
- Living planet index: inland freshwater species
- Changes in lake condition
WWDR-II
- Freshwater ecosystem degradation: Fragmentation and Flow Regulation
of Rivers and Ecosystem Impact
- Trend in freshwater habitat protection: Freshwater ecosystem, biomes and
habitats protection - Protected areas and Ramsar site establishment
- Trend in Freshwater species: Basic needs for ecosystem integrity or
health
- Ecosystem stress: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Nitrogen
(NO3 + NO2)
Water and Food
WWDR-I
- Proportion of undernourished in total population
- Irrigated land as % of cultivated land
- Per capita food consumption
- Water required equivalent of main products
- Yields and water requirements of irrigated and non-irrigated
agriculture
- Irrigated area as proportion of irrigation potential in developing
countries
- Area equipped for irrigation as % of cultivated land by country
- Irrigation and water resources actual and predicted withdrawals
- Agricultural water withdrawal as % of total renewable water
resources
- Water use efficiency in irrigation
Water and industry
WWDR-I
- Competing water uses for main income groups of countries (agricultural
vs. industrial vs. domestic) : renamed “Sectoral water use allocation”
- Proportion of organic water pollution, by main industrial sector
- Industrial water efficiency, by country: renamed “Industrial water
productivity”
- Current levels of water withdrawal for industry, by river basin
WWDR-II
- Trends in ISO 14001 certification from 1997 to 2002: conduct
water audit, improve anti-pollution measures, and evaluate
environmental performance regularly
- Sectoral water use allocation - Water withdrawal by sectors as a
percentage of total water withdrawal
- Organic water pollution (BOD) by industry
- Industrial water productivity: Economic value added (in$) per cubic metre
of water withdrawal by industry
- Trends of water use: Global and regional industrial water withdrawals and
consumption
Water and Energy
WWDR-I
- Distribution of households with access to electricity
- World’s electricity production
- Deployment of hydropower and projections, by region
- Proportion of hydropower electricity generation, by country
- Installed hydro capacity (all schemes), by region
WWDR-II
- Volume of desalinated water for drinking quality water
- Trends in energy consumption for water delivery/pumping
- Capability of hydropower generation: Gross theoretical,
Technically exploitable, and Economically exploitable
- Carbon intensity (dioxide emissions) by electricity production
- Access
to electricity for domestic use
- Evolution of electricity generation by fuel from 1971 to 2001
- Share of electricity generation by hydropower as a proportion
of total electricity generation, and its evolution
Section 3: Management Responses
• Chapter 10: Managing risks
WMO/UNESCO
• Chapter 11: Sharing water
UNESCO
• Chapter 12: Valuing water
UNDESA
• Chapter 13: Ensuring the knowledge base
UNESCO/WMO
Managing risks
WWDR-I
- List of severe natural disaster
- Major drought events and their consequences in the last
century
- Trends in causes of food emergencies
- Trends in great natural catastrophes
WWDR-II
- Disaster risk index,
- Risk and Policy Assessment Indicator
proposed by PWRI (Tsukuba, Japan)
- The Climate Vulnerability Index
by CVI, CEH Wallingford, UK
Sharing water
from Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential
WWDR-I
- Newly internationalized basins
- Basins with unilateral projects and lack of institutional
capacity (treaties/bodies/positive relations)
- International basins where non-water related hostility exist
between states
WWDR-II
- Operational/administrative Interdependencies for Sharing
Water
- Cooperation/conflict Index
- Water Conflict Vulnerability Index
- Sustainability/development Index
Valuing water
WWDR-I
- Annual investment in water for agriculture, water supply and
sanitation, and environment & industry.
- Sources of investment funds
- Annual investment in urban and rural sanitation
- Level of cost recovery for water supplies for agriculture
- Price of water from municipal water supply systems
- Comparison of the price of water from the public utilities and
informal water vendors
WWDR-II
- Water sector share in total government spending vs Total
government spending in all economic sectors
- Actual vs desired level of public investment in water sector
- Rate of recovery - actual collections as percent of collectable
charges on yearly basis
- Actual water price vs supply costs - for improving water use
efficiency and securing financial sustainability of water utility
- Water charges as percent of household income/expenditure
Ensuring the knowledge base
WWDR-I
- Gross Primary School enrolment
- Illiteracy Rate
- Research and Development Expenditure for selected countries
- Number of television sets and radio receivers per 1000 people
- Number of telephone lines per head
- Expenditure on ICT
- Number of hydrological monitoring stations, by WMO regions
- Density hydrological monitoring stations worldwide
WWDR-II
- Knowledge Index (KI): Index, multi variable
- Knowledge Assessment Methodology: Index, multiple variable
- Number of water resource institutions
- Number of water resource scientists
- Water topics in school curriculum
- Number of web sites with available water resources information
Indicator development
- For appropriate water resources management
- Monitor and evaluate the progress toward targets
- A complex and slow process
- Require widespread consultation
- Have to be tested
- Have to be modified in the light of experience
WWAP UN and Working partners will
continue efforts for indicator development
World Water Assessment Programme For
Capacity-Building, Development and the Environment
WWAP
The State of The World’s
Freshwater Resources
Global change
Global changes
- Population growth, movement and age
structures
- Climate change
- Geo-political changes and realignments
- Technological changes
- Trade and subsidies
Water and City
WWDR-I
- Water stress in regions around megacities
- Distribution of urban population in more developed
and lee developed regions (to 2015)
- Proportion of urban populations with access to
improved water supply and sanitation
- Proportion of households in major cities connected to
piped water and sewers
WWDR-II
Waiting for information
Nature of Water Resources
WWDR-I
- Long term average water resources
- Country data on water resources
- Water availability versus population
- Mean annual precipitation World maximum point
rainfalls for different durations
- World’s largest groundwater systems Groundwater use
for agricultural irrigation Annual flows to the World
Ocean
- Largest Rivers in the World by Mean Annual Discharge
with their Loads
- Countries using the largest quantities of desalinated
water and treated wastewater
Countries’ readiness to meet the Johannesburg implementation plan
target on IWRM Plan preparation by 2005 (GWP Assessment)
WHITE: Countries made good progress GREY: Countries taken some steps
DARK GREY: Countries at an initial stage
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html
Progress in drinking water coverage, 1990 - 2002
Source: Meeting the MDG Drinking Water & Sanitation Target,
UNICEF/WHO
Progress in sanitation coverage, 1990 – 2002
Source: Meeting the MDG Drinking Water & Sanitation Target,
UNICEF/WHO
Changes in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) for
Significant Major Watersheds, by Region
for the Periods 1979-1990 and 1991-2003
Coloured areas on the map indicate percentage change and histograms the mean
concentration changes by region (UNEP-GEMS Water, 2004)
Changes in Nitrogen Concentrations for Significant
Global Watersheds , by Region
for the Periods 1979-1990 and 1991-2003
Coloured areas on the map indicate percentage change and histograms the mean
concentration changes by region (UNEP-GEMS Water, 2004)
Fragmentation and Flow Regulation
by Large River System
Unaffected, moderately affected, strongly affected
Source: Umea University and WRI (2004)
Basins under stress
Definition
We define safe drinking water as:“water that is safe
to drink and available in sufficient quantities for
hygienic purposes.”
Our working definition of basic sanitation is: “the
lowest-cost option for securing sustainable access
to safe, hygienic, and convenient facilities and
services for excreta and sullage disposal that
provide privacy and dignity while ensuring a clean
and healthful living environment both at home and
in the neighborhood of users.”
Definition
Renewable water resources: include all surface water
and groundwater resources that are renewed on a yearly
basis without consideration of the capacity to harvest and use
this resource.
Exploitable water resources: refer to the surface water
or groundwater that is available with an occurrence of 90 %
of the time, are considerably less than renewable water
resources, but no universal method exists to assess such
exploitable water resources.
Agricultural water withdrawal: refers to the quantity of
water withdrawn for agricultural purposes. It includes irrigation
and livestock watering. Methods for computing agricultural
water withdrawal vary from country to country.
2005 Environmental Sustainability Index
Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and
Columbia University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network,
in collaboration with World Economic Forum
Ability of nations to protect the environment
76 datasets have been integrated into
21 indicators of Environmental sustainability:
Biodiversity, Land use, Water quality, Air quality, Reducing air pollution,
Environmental health, etc.
Authors of ESI stated that
In many areas, decision-making has become increasingly
data-driven, but the environmental domain has curiously
lagged in this regard. Difficulty by widespread information
gaps and uncertainties, environmental policy-making has
often been based on generalized observations, best
guesses, etc.