Transcript POVERTY AND EXCLUSION: CLOSING GAPS IN THE LIVES AND REALITIES OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN LATIN AMERICA Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Economic Commission for Latin America and.

POVERTY AND EXCLUSION:
CLOSING GAPS IN THE LIVES AND
REALITIES OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN
LATIN AMERICA
Alicia Bárcena
Executive Secretary
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Dialogue of the Executive Secretaries of the Regional Commissions with
ECOSOC
New York, 10 July 2012
Where does Latin America and the
Caribbean stand today?
• Learning from the past
• More prudent in macroeconomic terms
• Progressive in social terms
• Slower pace of economic growth in 2011 and 2012 than
in 2010
• Urgent need to recast a new development agenda
centred on equality and with environmental
sustainability as one of its themes
– Productive and social gaps must be closed
– The region has to face historical and recent debts
→ The region is aiming for structural change
And where do the young people stand?
A generation beset by tensions
Young people today are hit harder by the following tensions or paradoxes
than the rest of the population:
Greater access to education
Less access to employment
Greater access to information
Less access to power
More adaptable to productive change
More excluded from that process
Greater expectations of autonomy
Fewer opportunities to achieve it
Other
tensions
•
They are in better health but less is known about the specific causes of
morbidity and mortality affecting them
•
They are more prolific in terms of sensitivities but more segmented in
terms of communication
•
They fall between policy receivers and protagonists for change
•
Their symbolic consumption has increased while their material
consumption has been restricted
•
They are totally engaged in the present and ever greater demands are
expected to be placed on them in the future
Almost 10.5 million young people aged
15 to 29 years live in extreme poverty,
while poverty affects 30.5 million
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): POVERTY AND INDIGENCE RATES AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE AGED 15-24 YEARS, AROUND 2010
(Percentages)
Argentina (2010)
Uruguay (2010)
Chile (2009)
Costa Rica (2010)
Panama (2010)
Brazil (2009)
Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) (2010)
Peru (2010)
Mexico (2010)
Ecuador (2010)
Dominican Rep. (2010)
Colombia (2010)
El Salvador (2010)
Bolivia (Plur. State of) (2007)
Guatemala (2006)
Paraguay (2010)
Nicaragua (2005)
Honduras (2010)
2.9
1.5
3.7
9.1
9.2
12.2
6.1
16.6
10.9
23.4
24.9
26.2
27.3
6.5
9.5
6.9
11.4
14.3
33.6
36.0
38.8
18.8
13.0
14.5
42.4
43.7
23.9
23.5
25.8
28.1
47.1
49.7
50.1
58.1
37.5
Latin America
10.3
0
10
62.6
30.3
20
Indigence
30
40
50
60
70
Poverty
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of data from
household surveys conducted in the relevant countries.
Education and employment:
two master keys to closing
the social inclusion gaps
affecting young people
Education: progressing steadily through a
highly stratified education system
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): TIMELY PROGRESSION THROUGH THE EDUCATION SYSTEM BY YOUNG
PEOPLE AGED 15 TO 19 YEARS, AROUND 2008a
(Percentages)
73
66
69
73
76
79
Decile 7
80
Decile 6
100
82
86
89
61
60
55
40
20
Decile 10
Decile 9
Decile 8
Decile 5
Decile 4
Decile 3
Decile 2
Decile 1
Total
0
Inequity in exercising the right to education exacerbates
inequality problems in the region
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of data from
household surveys conducted in the relevant countries.
a Refers to students who attended and completed the appropriate grade at the appropriate age, considering a maximum delay of one
year due to late enrolment.
Inclusive educational thresholds
The region is falling short of its goal of achieving
a 75% completion rate for secondary education
LATIN AMERICA (19 COUNTRIES): COMPLETION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION BY YOUNG PEOPLE AGED 20 TO 24 YEARS
AND GENDER PARITY INDEX, AROUND 2008
(Percentages and ratios)
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of data from household surveys
conducted in the relevant countries.
.
Completion of secondary education:
where inequality is already entrenched
in the social system
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): a COMPLETION OF HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH AGED 20 TO 24
BY PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL AND SEX, AROUND 2008
(Percentages)
Source: Economic Commission for Latin Ameirica and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household surveys
conducted in the respective countries.
a The figures relating to indigenous and non-indigenous youth relate to eight countries and to the year 2007.
And then is perpetuated in labour income
throughout life
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): MONTHLY LABOUR INCOME OF THE EMPLOYED POPULATION AGED 15 TO 29,
30 TO 64 AND 15 YEARS AND OVER, BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED
(Percentage and PPP dollars at 2000 prices)
2 500
1 964
Average income (US$ PPP at 2000 prices)
2 000
1 500
1 086
1 000
686
666
548
500
424
500
307
0
Incomplete
primary
Complete
primary
Incomplete
lower secondary
Incomplete
upper
secondary
15-29
30-64
Complete
secondary
Incomplete
tertiary
Complete
university
Total
15 and over
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of household surveys in the
respective countries , around 2008).
Apart from the socioeconomic differences,
unemployment affects young people more than adults,
although the youth unemployment rate has risen more
slowly than the adult employment rate during the crisis
LATIN AMERICA (18 COUNTRIES): UNEMPLOYMENT BY AGE GROUP,
AROUND 1990 AND 2008
(Percentages)
20
17.2
18
16
14
12
12.4
10.7
9.4
10
8.1
8
6.8
6
5.3
6
4
4
3
2
0
15 - 19
20 - 24
25- 29
1990
30 years and
over
Total (15 and
over)
2008
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of
household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
Despite the steady increase in social spending in the
past two decades, Governments in Latin America
play a limited role in financing consumption
for children and young people
SOURCES OF FINANCING FOR CONSUMPTION BY CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE,
AROUND 2000
(Percentages of total consumption)
Latin America (five countries)
Europe (seven countries), Japan
and the United States
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of information from the System of National
Accounts project on intergenerational transfers, population aging and social protection in Latin America of the Latin American and Caribbean
Population Centre (CELADE) – Population Division of ECLAC, and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC)