Imperialism in China Silver Serves Chinese Ascendancy • China rejects goods from others and expects payment in silver • Originally most silver entering China came.
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Imperialism in China Silver Serves Chinese Ascendancy • China rejects goods from others and expects payment in silver • Originally most silver entering China came from Japan • Mines in the Americas, in particular Potosi, allowed the Spanish to acquire Chinese goods by way of Manila Self Sufficiency?? • Strong agricultural economy – Quick growing rice from Southeast Asia • Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts from the Americas • Extensive mining and manufacturing industries – Provides jobs • Silk, high quality cotton, porcelain Why China? • Large population – Market for manufactured goods – Cheap labor for foreign enterprises • Mineral resources • Tea and silk • Manchu [Qing] government weak and lacked military resources Guanzhou Only port foreigners could trade in British Trade with China • Qing emperor rejects British attempt to trade • China doesn’t want European goods • What about OPIUM? – Used medicinally for centuries – By 1835, 12 million Chinese are addicted 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 Approx. num be r of che s ts pe r ye ar 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 1700 1800 1840 Opium was shipped from Bombay and Calcutta to Guangzhou Chinese Official Requires End to Opium Trade • Commissioner Lin’s letter to Queen of England— “…by means of introducing opium by stealth, have seduced our Chinese people, and caused every province of the land to overflow with that poison.” • While the letter was in transit Commissioner Lin ordered several thousand boxes of opium destroyed. – What did the British do? Destruction of Opium on right by burning it, sometimes it was sunk into the sea or mixed with lime. 1839-1842 The Opium War Chinese confiscate and burn opium in Canton harbor— destroyed the stockpile—Britain declares war Fought over.... • China - STOP OPIUM TRADE! • Treaty of Nanking -considered to be an unequal treaty — WHY? – “…subjects who shall enjoy full security and protection for their persons and property…” extraterritoriality rights – “…shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their pursuits…” Open ports – “… necessary and desirable, that British Subjects should have some Port whereat they may careen and refit their ships, when required, …China cedes to … Great Britain…” Hong Kong – “… China agrees to pay … as the value of Opium which was delivered up at Canton…” Indemnity [money] Qing Dynasty 1850 • Corrupt Government almost bankrupt • Increased population • Decreased food supply – Hunger widespread – Opium addiction increases – Yellow River floods Regions in which the economic interests of a foreign nation came before those of China Taiping Rebellion 1853-1863 Provincial revolt to overthrow Qing government... • Hong Xiuquan – Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace – 1 million followers • Put down by Chinese Imperial Army with British and French help – 10 year war- 20 million lives – Need for modernization met with resistance – China continued to weaken • Britain demands another “unequal treaty” because they aided in ending the rebellion – Gained embassy in Peking • Russia gained territory including part of Turkistan and Port Arthur • France gained Indochina • Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 – Japan gained • • • • Taiwan Treaty ports Indemnity Korea • Russia needs to keep Japan out of Manchuria because a Manchurian Railroad shortens the distance to Port Arthur by 350 miles 1860’s - 1900 Foreign countries gain more rights Spheres of Influence Which countries? • Japan – Korea, Taiwan, southern Manchuria • France – Vietnam, railroad to Indochina • Germany – Mining rights, railroad • Britain – Trade routes in Yangtze valley, naval base • Russia – Indemnity, tax free route for railroad Spheres of Influence 1899 Open Door Policy China U. S. feared.. • American trade ...shut out of China • Proposed an “open door” for merchants of all nations • Protected American trade rights in China • China protected from colonization Modernization measures meet resistance Empress Dowager [aunt of reigning emperor] returns Late 1800’s - 1900’s Chinese Nationalist Societies Secret Societies pledge to get rid of the “foreign devils” Imperialism 1900 The Boxer Rebellion Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists a.k.a. “Boxers” Encouraged by government officials to drive out ALL foreigners • Besiege European compound in Peking • Rescued by an 8-nation army – British, French, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, United States Empress Tz’hsi (Su-Shi) What caused the Boxer Rebellion and to what extent was it an International war? What result did this have on China? Results... new nationalist movement with goals of: • Nationalism • Republicanism— constitutional government promised by 1917 • Land reform The decline of the Qing dynasty Russo-Japanese War 1904 • Japanese advantages – – – – Industrialized British neutrality Closer to fighting and re-supply lines Mismanagement of Czar • Treaty of Portsmouth – Teddy Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize – Japan gained Port Arthur, part of Sakhalin Island, and Russian troops out of Manchuria • Secret Agreement later gave Russia northern half of Manchuria and Japan the Southern half