Why factors caused the dinosaurs go extinct

?

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview: Discovering Ecology

•

Ecology

is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment – These interactions determine the distribution of organisms and their abundance – Modern ecology includes observation and experimentation © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why are amphibians particularly threatened?

Figure 52.2

Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organismal ecology

Concept 52.1: Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly

• • • • The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute its

climate

Four major abiotic components of climate are temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

Macroclimate

consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level

Microclimate

consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

•

WHY IS THE DESERT A DESERT?

Figure 52.3a

Atmosphere Low angle of incoming sunlight 90

°

N (North Pole) 60

°

N Sun overhead at equinoxes 30

°

N 23.5

°

N (Tropic of Cancer 0

°

(Equator) 23.5

°

S (Tropic of Capricorn) 30

°

S Low angle of incoming sunlight 60

°

S 90

°

S (South Pole) Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity

Figure 52.3b

66.5

°

N (Arctic Circle) 60

°

N Westerlies 30

°

N Northeast trades 30

°

N 0

°

Southeast trades 30

°

S Westerlies 0

°

60

°

S 66.5

°

S (Antarctic Circle) Global air circulation and precipitation patterns Descending dry air absorbs moisture.

Ascending moist air releases moisture.

Figure 52.4

Constant tilt of 23.5

°

June solstice March equinox December solstice 60

°

N 30

°

N 0

°

(equator) 30

°

S September equinox

Circulation of surface water Labrador Current Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre Antarctic Circumpolar Current California Current 30

°

N North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Gulf Stream North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre Equator 30

°

S South Pacific Subtropical Gyre South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

Effect of large bodies of water and mountains on climate Air flow Ocean Mountain range Leeward side of mountains

Concept 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance

•

Biomes

are major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.9

30

°

N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30

°

S Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice

Based on this CLIMOGRAPH, what is the most abundant biome in N. America?

30 Desert



15 0 15 0 Temperate grassland Tropical forest Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Arctic and alpine tundra 100 200 300 Annual mean precipitation (cm) 400

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

Cereus peruvianus Euphorbia canariensis

Figure 52.12a

A tropical rain forest in Borneo

Figure 52.12b

A desert in the southwestern United States

Figure 52.12c

A savanna in Kenya

Figure 52.12d

An area of chaparral in California

Figure 52.12e

Temperate grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan

Figure 52.12f

A northern coniferous forest in Norway

Figure 52.12g

Temperate deciduous (broadleaf) forest. Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina, in autumn

Figure 52.12h

Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn, TUNDRA

ZONATION IN AQUAQTIC ENVIRONMENTS (a) Zonation in a lake Littoral zone Limnetic zone Photic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone (b) Marine zonation Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone 0 200 m Continental shelf Photic zone Benthic zone Pelagic zone Aphotic zone 2,000



6,000 m Abyssal zone

WHAT’S HAPPENING?

Winter 4

°

C 2 0

°

Spring Summer 4

°

C 4

°

Thermocline 22

°

18

°

8

°

4

°

C Autumn 4

°

C 4

°

The distribution of major aquatic biomes.

30

°

N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30

°

S Oceanic pelagic and benthic zones Intertidal zones Estuaries Coral reefs Rivers Lakes

•

Lakes

Temperate lakes may have a seasonal thermocline; tropical lowland lakes have a year round thermocline • •

Oligotrophic lakes

are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich

Eutrophic lakes

are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• • • Eutrophic lakes have more surface area relative to depth than oligotrophic lakes Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted

littoral zone

close to shore Water is too deep in the

limnetic zone

to support rooted aquatic plants; small drifting animals called zooplankton graze on the phytoplankton © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 52.16a

An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming A eutrophic lake in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Swans Taking Flight

Figure 52.16b

A basin wetland in the United Kingdom. These are very productive. WHY?

Figure 52.16c

A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Loire river (in France) far from its headwaters

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Flapping Geese

Figure 52.16d

An estuary in the southeastern United States

Figure 52.16e

Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Shark Eating a Seal

Figure 52.16f

Pelagic ecosystems cover 70% of Earth. Humpback off the island of Hawaii

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Coral Reef

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Clownfish and Anemone

Figure 52.16g

A coral reef in the Red Sea.

Why are reefs so vulnerable?

• • •

Marine Benthic Zone

The or

marine benthic zone neritic,

consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, zone and the offshore pelagic zone Organisms in the very deep benthic (abyssal) zone are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high water pressure Substrate is mainly soft sediments; some areas are rocky © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Hydrothermal Vent

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Tubeworms

Figure 52.16h

A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

Figure 52.17

Kangaroos/km 2 0 –0.1

0.1

–1 1 –5 5 –10 10 –20 > 20 Limits of distribution

Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution.

Why is species X absent from an area?

Yes Area inaccessible or insufficient time Yes Does dispersal limit its distribution?

No Does behavior limit its distribution?

No Habitat selection Yes Do biotic factors (other species) limit its distribution?

No Predation, parasitism, competition, disease Do abiotic factors limit its distribution?

Physical factors Chemical factors Temperature Light Soil structure Fire Moisture, etc.

Water Oxygen Salinity pH Soil nutrients, etc.

Dispersal and Distribution

• •

Dispersal

is the movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin Dispersal contributes to the global distribution of organisms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Natural Range Expansions and Adaptive Radiation

• • Natural range expansions show the influence of dispersal on distribution – For example, cattle egrets arrived in the Americas in the late 1800s and have expanded their distribution In rare cases, long-distance dispersal can lead to adaptive radiation – For example, Hawaiian silverswords are a diverse group descended from an ancestral North American tarweed © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dispersal of the cattle egret in the

1966

Americas

Current 1970 1965 1961 1958 1951 1956 1960 1943 1937 1970

100 Both limpets and urchins removed 80 Sea urchin 60 Limpet 40 20 0 August 1982 Only urchins removed February 1983 Only limpets removed Control (both urchins and limpets present) August 1983 February 1984

Banff National Park. Why is there a tree line?

Test Your Understanding Questions

11

11-answer

13

100 50 0 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Sierra Nevada Seed collection sites Great Basin Plateau