Transcript Measuring Violence against Women: The Philippine Experience by Ms. Anna Jean G. Casañas Statistical Coordination Officer National Statistical Coordination Board International Seminar on Gender Statistics Sheraton Incheon.

Measuring Violence against Women:
The Philippine Experience
by
Ms. Anna Jean G. Casañas
Statistical Coordination Officer
National Statistical Coordination Board
International Seminar on Gender Statistics
Sheraton Incheon Hotel, Republic of Korea
12 – 14 November 2013
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AJGC/ NSCB/ International Seminar on Gender Statistics
Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
Outline of the Presentation
I.
Introduction
II.
Women’s Safety Module in the National Demographic
and Health Survey (NDHS)
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
IV. Challenges in the measurement of VAW
V.
2
Ways Forward
AJGC/ NSCB/ International Seminar on Gender Statistics
Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
I. Introduction
Per National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
Resolution No. 6, Series of 2001, Violence against
Women (VAW) is defined as…
“an act of gender-based violence that results in, or is
likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological
harm or suffering to women, including threats of such
acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty,
whether occurring in public or private life. It
encompasses all forms of violation of women’s rights,
including
threats
and
reprisals,
exploitation,
harassment, and other forms of control.”
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AJGC/ NSCB/ International Seminar on Gender Statistics
Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
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II. Women’s Safety Module in the NDHS
2008 NDHS Women’s Safety Module (WSM)
• a separate module added for the first time, which probes
into women’s experiences of violence – physical and
sexual
• information on spousal violence – covering all forms of
VAW was also collected:
1. physical violence;
2. sexual violence;
3. emotional violence; and
4. economic violence
Grouped together in the
survey as “Other forms of
violence”
• respondents were women aged 15 – 49 who were either:
a. never married;
b. married or living together; or
c. divorced/separated/widowed.
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II. Women’s Safety Module in the NDHS
Section
1. Violence
Experienced by
women aged 15-49
Data Collected
Physical Violence
• Percentage of women who have ever experienced physical
violence since aged 15
• Persons who committed the violence
• Percentage of women who have ever experienced physical
violence during pregnancy
Sexual Violence
• Percentage who said that their first experience of sexual intercourse
was forced against their will
• Percentage of women who have ever experienced sexual violence
2. Measures of Marital
Control
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• Percentage of ever-married women whose husbands have ever
exhibited specific types of controlling behavior
Controlling behaviors exhibited by husbands were:
1) to be jealous or angry when women communicate with
other men;
2) frequently accuses of unfaithfulness;
3) does not permit to see her female friends;
4) tries to limit contact with families;
5) insists on knowing where she is at all times; and
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6) does not trust her with
the money.
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II. Women’s Safety Module in the NDHS
Section
3. Marital Violence
Data Collected
• Percentage of ever-married who have experienced
specific forms of violence committed by their
husband
- currently married women were asked about 7
specific acts of physical violence, 4 forms of
sexual violence and 7 other forms of violence
including emotional violence within the
marriage
Frequency of Spousal Violence
• Frequency of spousal violence among those who
reported violence
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Consequences of Spousal Violence
- respondents are asked if, as a consequence of what
their husband did to them, they ever had:
1) physical injuries
2) loss of job
3) depression
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4) attempted
suicide
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II. Women’s Safety Module in the NDHS
Section
7
Data Collected
4. Violence Initiated by Women Against
Husbands
• Percentage of women who ever
initiated violence against their
husband
• Percentage of women who have
committed physical violence against
their husband
5. Response to Violence
• Percentage of women who fought
back physically, fought back verbally
or sought help from any source to
stop the violence
• Sources from which help was sought
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II. Women’s Safety Module in the NDHS
Three Specific Built-in Protection in WSM
1) Only one eligible woman in each HH is asked of
VAW
2) Informed consent was obtained before start of
individual interview; additional statement before
start of WSM informing respondent that succeeding
questions could be sensitive and reassuring
confidentiality of responses
3) WSM was implemented only in privacy; if privacy
could not be obtained, skip module, thank the
respondent and end the interview
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III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Now…
• What do the results of the 2008 NDHS tell us?
• What are the challenges faced by women in the
Philippines?
• How much do they suffer?
• Who are the perpetrators of VAW?
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III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
• One in five women aged 15 - 49 experienced physical violence
since the age 15!
• Almost one in 10 women aged 15-49 experienced sexual
violence since age 15!
Percentage of Women aged 15-49 who have
experienced violence since age 15
25
20
20.1
15
8.7
10
5
0
Physical Violence
10
Sexual Violence
Source: 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), National Statistics Office (NSO)
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III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Persons committing physical violence
It is very alarming to know that women in the Philippines are not safe even in their own homes!
• For women who have ever been married, the main perpetrators of physical violence are
their husbands.
• Among never-married women, the main perpetrators are the mothers, fathers,
sisters/brothers and current boyfriends.
Percentage who reported specific persons who committed the violence,
by marital status, Philippines 2008
Marital Status
Person committing violence
11
Ever married
Never Married
Total
Current husband
54.7
na
46.8
Former husband
12.1
na
10.3
Former boyfriend
0.6
0.6
0.6
Current boyfriend
0.3
19.8
3.1
Father/step-father
16.6
25.9
17.9
Mother/step-mother
18.5
34.5
20.8
Sister/brother
9.3
21.0
11.0
Daughter/son
0.9
0.0
0.8
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International
SeminarDemographic
on Gender Statistics
NATIONAL
STATISTICAL
COORDINATION
BOARD
Source:
2008 National
and Health Survey (NDHS),
National
Statistics Office
(NSO)
Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Persons committing sexual violence
• Similar to physical violence, the current husband/partner is the main
perpetrator of sexual violence, accounting for 60.5% of the cases!
• While among the never married women, 58% experience sexual
violence at the hands of their current boyfriend.
Percentage who reported specific persons who committed the violence,
by current marital status, Philippines 2008
Marital Status
Person committing violence
12
Ever married
Never Married
Total
Current husband
60.5
na
52.9
Former husband
15.2
na
13.3
Current boyfriend
4.4
57.7
11.1
Former boyfriend
0.1
0.0
0.1
Father/step-father
0.5
1.8
0.7
Employer/someone at work
7.0
5.5
6.8
AJGC/ NSCB/
International
SeminarDemographic
on Gender Statistics
NATIONAL
STATISTICAL
COORDINATION
BOARD
Source:
2008 National
and Health Survey (NDHS),
National
Statistics Office
(NSO)
Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Among the ever-married women, 14.4% of them experience
physical violence perpetrated by their husbands.
Forms of Spousal Physical Violence
8
9
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Seminar
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Statisticsand Health Survey
NATIONAL
COORDINATION
BOARD
Source: 2008
National
Demographic
(NDHS), STATISTICAL
National Statistics
Office (NSO)
Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
While for sexual violence, 8.0% of the ever-married women
experience such violence perpetrated by their husbands.
Forms of Spousal Sexual Violence
6
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NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
Sheraton IncheonSource:
Hotel/ 2008
12 – 14
November
2013
National
Demographic
and Health Survey (NDHS),
National
Statistics •Office
(NSO)
Integrity
• Independence
Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Most common forms include insulting the woman or making her feel bad
about herself, 11%, followed by not allowing her to engage in any
legitimate work nor practice her profession, 9%.
Forms of Spousal Emotional/Economic Violence
11
9
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Sheraton IncheonSource:
Hotel/ 2008
12 – 14
November
2013
National
Demographic
and Health Survey (NDHS),
National
Statistics •Office
(NSO)
Integrity
• Independence
Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Almost 4 out of 100 pregnant women experience physical violence!
Sadly, this does not only put the mother at risk, but also the unborn
child.
Violence during Pregnancy
Marital Status
Percentage who have
ever experienced
Number of women who
physical violence during have ever been pregnant
pregnancy
Never married
2.5
111
Married or living together
3.3
6,160
Divorced/separated/
widowed
8.2
390
Total
3.6
6,661
Source: 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), National Statistics Office (NSO)
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Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013
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Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Degree of marital control exercised by husband
Most commonly reported controlling behavior exhibited by husband is:
jealousy or anger when the woman communicates with other men.
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 whose husbands have ever exhibited
specific types of controlling behaviors, by current age
Percentage of women whose husband:
Is jealous
or angry if
she talks
to other
men
Frequently
accuses
her of
being
unfaithful
Does not
permit her
of being
unfaithful
Tries to limit
her contact
with her
family
Insists on
knowing
where she
is at all
times
Does not
trust her
with any
money
15-19
44.5
15.7
8.9
3.7
25.0
3.7
20-24
35.2
12.0
6.9
4.7
20.8
4.8
25-29
32.3
14.6
7.4
3.6
18.6
5.5
30-39
29.7
11.7
5.4
3.8
17.4
4.8
40-49
26.2
12.4
5.1
4.3
15.8
4.2
Total
30.3
12.6
5.9
4.0
17.8
4.8
Background
characteristics
Current age
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Source:Hotel/
2008 National
Demographic
Office• (NSO)
Sheraton Incheon
12 – 14 November
2013and Health Survey (NDHS), National
Integrity Statistics
• Independence
Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Among women who have ever experienced physical or sexual
violence…
• 26.9% fought back verbally;
• 21.2% fought back physically; and
• 17.5% sought help
Response to Violence
Type of violence
Physical
Sexual
Both physical and
sexual
Total
Fought back
physically
Fought back
verbally
Sought help from a
source to stop
violence
18.8
15.5
24.6
22.1
13.8
13.6
32.0
21.2
37.2
26.9
30.9
17.5
Source: 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), National Statistics Office (NSO)
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Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
III. Results from the Women’s Safety Module
Sources from which help was sought
• Among all those who sought help, women are most likely to have sought help
from their own family at 45%, while 29% of them sought help from friends
• Only 9.3% and 6.0% of them sought help from the police and social service
organizations.
Percentage who sought help from specific sources, by type of violence experienced
Type of violence
Source of help
Physical
Sexual
Both physical and sexual
Total
Own family
45.0
54.0
42.5
45.1
In-laws
15.8
8.2
14.9
14.5
Husband/partner boyfriend
1.0
0.0
0.9
0.8
Friend/neighbor
26.4
23.9
32.6
28.5
Religious leader
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.3
Doctor/medical personnel
2.0
0.0
3.4
2.3
Police
7.4
8.1
12.3
9.3
Lawyer
1.5
3.9
0.8
1.5
Social service organization
4.8
0.0
9.2
6.0
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19 Sheraton Incheon
Hotel/
– 14 November
2013 and Health Survey (NDHS),Integrity
Source:
200812National
Demographic
National
Statistics Office
(NSO)
• Independence
• Professionalism
IV. Challenges in the measurement of VAW
Collecting valid, reliable, and ethical information on violence
poses challenges because:
1. What constitutes violence or abuse varies across cultures
and individuals;
2. Culture of silence surrounds domestic violence that can
affect reporting;
3. Specific ethical concerns - sensitivity of topic, safety of
respondents and interviewers when asking about domestic
violence in a familial setting, and protection of women
disclosing violence
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V. Ways Forward
In measuring VAW…
• Establish and plan tools and procedures by using sets of
specific questions for women
• Ensure confidentiality and privacy during the interview
• Ensure the validity of the information on domestic violence
• Ensure the security of the respondent as well as the
interviewer
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V. Ways Forward
• Last August 2013, the Philippines NSO has conducted the
tenth NDHS, which again included the Women’s Safety
Module. Prior to its inclusion, series of consultative forums to
solicit comments and suggestions were conducted.
• Recognizing the need to institutionalize collection of VAW
statistics, the Philippine Statistical Development Program
(PSDP) 2011-2017, specifically the Chapter on Statistics on
Children and Gender Development, included
the
institutionalization of the Women’s Safety Module in the NDHS
as one of its statistical programs.
• Further review of the objectives and questionnaire of the
Module and expansion of its coverage were also included the
PSDP.
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Mabuhay and Thank you!
/NSCBPhilippines
@NSCBPhilippines
/NSCBInfo
http://www.nscb.gov.ph
[email protected]
[email protected]
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