C-1 Food Choices and Human Health Introduction • Food Gives: – Nutrients – Calories (kcalories) • Unit of heat • Nutrition? – Study of how nutrients nourish the body.
Download ReportTranscript C-1 Food Choices and Human Health Introduction • Food Gives: – Nutrients – Calories (kcalories) • Unit of heat • Nutrition? – Study of how nutrients nourish the body.
C-1 Food Choices and Human Health Introduction • Food Gives: – Nutrients – Calories (kcalories) • Unit of heat • Nutrition? – Study of how nutrients nourish the body Diet • Diet? – Not something you go on and off – Foods and beverages a person consumes – Impacts health • Positively or negatively depending on the diet Does Diet Matter? Does Diet Matter? 56% of deaths are nutrition related (1,2,4,7) 4:10 causes of death are diet related Nutrition and Health • Malnutrition -Nutrient deficiencies (Undernutrition) -Nutrient excesses (Overnutrition) -Both Lifestyle and Health • Only thing worse than a bad diet is: – Excessive alcohol – Tobacco use • Kills 443,000 Americans per year (per CDC) (1:5 deaths in U.S.) – 7,000 chemicals per puff – rapidly spreads to cause cell damage in all organs. Some are known carcinogens. – Makes blood more sticky allowing clots to form – Narrows blood vessels • Male smokers lose 13.2 years of life • Women lose 14.5 years of life • Cost: $ 75 billion in direct medical costs $ 82 billion in lost productivity Total: $157 billion • We have control!! Lifestyle and Health • Chronic disease? – Take years to develop & causes the body to break down • Heart disease • Diabetes • Osteoporosis Risk Factors • Risk factors – Increases risk of developing disease – # of risk factors = risk of disease – # of risk factors = risk of disease Risk Factors • Non-controllable risk factors include: – Genetics – Age – Gender – Ethnicity – Environment Risk Factors • Controllable risk factors include: – Diet – Alcohol consumption – Drug use – Tobacco use – Stress – Lack of exercise – Lack of sleep – Overweight – Underweight Risk Factors • Snowball of risk factors – Excess calories • Overweight • High blood pressure • High cholesterol heart disease Nutrition vs. Genetics in Disease 6 Categories of 6 categoriesNutrients of nutrients Energy yielding nutrient? Nutrient Density • Nutrient density – Amount of nutrients per calorie of food – nutrients and calories – Choose foods based on this Nutrient Density • Fruit Juice – Liquid separated from pulp (fiber) – Concentrated in calories – Nutrient dense? • No! i.e. How many oranges does it take to make OJ? Get the calories from all oranges. Nutrient Density • 100% Juice versus: – Juice beverages – Juice drinks – Juice Cocktails – All are glorified Kool-Aid; mostly sugar Nutrients in Food • Essential nutrients – Nutrients body needs, but can’t make -Must eat Nutrient Class Essential nutrient Carbohydrate Glucose Fat Linoleic acid linolenic acid Protein 9 amino acids of 20 Vitamins All 13 Minerals 25 Water Yes Terms Nonnutrients • Phytochemicals – Non-nutrient – Plant foods – May reduce disease – Give color, taste, etc. to foods • Blueberries, tomatoes What is a Healthy Diet? What is a Healthy Diet? • Adequacy – Eat enough of all essential nutrients What is a Healthy Diet? • Balance – Eat enough, but not too much of any food or nutrient What is a Healthy Diet? • Calorie control – Don’t eat excess calories What is a Healthy Diet? • Moderation – Eat nothing in excess What is a Healthy Diet? • Variety – Eat different foods from all food groups Why Do We Eat? Why Do We Eat? • Factors that drive food choices •Advertising •Availability •Economy •Emotional comfort •Habit •Personal preference •Positive associations •Region of the country •Social pressure •Values or beliefs •Weight •Nutritional value The Stages of Behavior Change Science of Nutrition • Young science (~1900) • Information learned by experiments • Knowledge base changes OBSERVATION & QUESTION Identify a problem to be solved or ask a specific question to be answered. HYPOTHESIS & PREDICTION Formulate a hypothesis—a tentative solution to the problem or answer to the question—and make a prediction that can be tested. EXPERIMENT Design a study and conduct the research to collect relevant data. RESULTS & INTERPRETATIONS Summarize, analyze, and interpret the data; draw conclusions. HYPOTHESIS SUPPORTED THEORY Develop a theory that integrates conclusions with those from numerous other studies. HYPOTHESIS NOT SUPPORTED NEW OBSERVATIONS & QUESTIONS Fig. 1-3, p. 13 Research Designs • Epidemiological Study – Whole populations – Tells correlations between diet & health – Identifies possible disease causes Research Designs • Case Study – Study of individuals – Observe treatment and effects – Leads to more research ideas Research Designs • Laboratory Study – Controlled conditions – Tests disease causes and treatments Research Designs • Intervention Study – Intervene in people’s diets – Experimental group – Control group – Blind study – Double blind study – Shows impact of treatment Science of Nutrition • One study result doesn’t = a fact – Preliminary finding – May be discredited later – Do not change diet! – Repeat findings are most reliable • Findings proven enough times are accepted as fact • Being published does NOT = fact Evaluating Nutrition Info Evaluating Nutrition Info Evaluating Nutrition Info • Consider the following: – Published in a peer-reviewed journal Evaluating Nutrition Info • Similarity between controls • Sample size • Placebo effectively administered • Blind or double blind • Findings put into proper context • Consider funding source Evaluating Nutrition Info • Confounding factors – Diet, exercise, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drug use, lifestyle… • Consider applicability to you • Does it make sense! Media and Nutrition • Report preliminary findings • Don’t understand science • Sensationalizes things that are true – Even if something is true, consider the big picture and overall diet Controversy 1 • Nutrition quackery – Claim for a miracle cure without scientific evidence to back it up • Weight loss, body building, energy pills… • Will never go away -$27 billion dollars per year ABC video clip: “Weight Loss Ads” Weight Loss Ads Click on the gfffgsd man and then Click the man and on each item eachon item Reliable Nutrition Advice? • Grandma? • Health food store clerk? • Coaches? • Personal trainer? • Physicians? Reliable Nutrition Advice • Nutritionist – No legal definition • Registered Dietitian – Accredited school – BS – Internship – National Exam • Continuing professional education • Careers in Dietetics – Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (ADA) Association of Nutrition Experts – Professional Member Internet Research Questions