Transcript Expert group meeting on indicators to measure violence against women – Geneva 8-10 October 2007 Measuring violence: Indicators from the Italian violence against women survey Maria.

Expert group meeting on indicators to measure
violence against women –
Geneva 8-10 October 2007
Measuring violence:
Indicators from the Italian
violence against women survey
Maria Giuseppina Muratore
Istat
1
The Italian survey
methodology
Since 2001 Istat and the Department for Rights and Equal Opportunities
began to address the issue
Large sample size - 25.000 women aged between 16
and 70
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing
Respondents sensitization
Accurate selection and training of interviewers
Continuous daily monitoring (8 months)
Supervision and support during the interviews
collection
Psychological support during training and fieldwork
Shelters address if women asked for help
2
Expert group
meeting on
indicators
Thinking to indicators
Survey aims and indicators are strictly linked together
•
Relations according specific characteristics of violence occurrence:
 nature of violence
 authors of violence
 occurrence period
 reference periods
 the intensity of violence
 seriousness
 consequences
 costs of violence
 violence reporting
 strategies to end violence
 risk factors of violence (women, partner, micro and macro
level)
 ………………
3
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Thinking to indicators
• Purposes: phenomenon
comprehension, quantification,
legislative, policy evaluation……
• General versus specific
• National versus trans-national
dimension
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Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Some Italian issue
The nature of violence
Physical
Sexual
Psychological
Economic violence (partially)
Stalking from partner
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Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Nature of violence - Physical
violence
ranked from the less to the most serious
one:
threat to be physically hit;
to be pushed, grabbed;
to be yanked or knocked with an object;
to be slapped, kicked, punched or
bitten;
attempted strangulation, of a choking,
burning;
threats with weapons.
6
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Nature of violence - Sexual
violence
 rape;
•One Indicators
onrape;
violence prevalence
 attempted
• elaborates
together
physical and sexual
 sexual physical
harassment;
 sexual(per
intercourses
with a third party;
violence
100 women);
 undesired
sexual intercourses, suffered
• two more
specifics
for fear of consequences;
•dealing
exclusively with physical violence
 degrading and humiliating sexual
(threats included)
andfor
sexual
violence
activities (only
partner
violence);
•manyother
linked
to different
otherindicators
sexual violence
forms
not included
violence
 before forms.
7
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Nature of violence - Psychological
violence





denigration
behaviour control
segregation strategies
intimidations
heavy financial restraint
suffered by partner’s side
8
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Nature of violence - Stalking
 tried in a nagging way to talk to the
woman against her will
 repeatedly asked for appointments to
meet her
 waited for her outside home or at
school or at work
 sent messages, telephone calls,
e-mails, mails or undesired presents
 followed her or spied her
 adopted other strategies
9
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Author of violence
Partner
Non partner
•
Current
•
Previous
•
Husband
•
Cohabitant
•
Fiancé
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Unknown persons
Acquaintances
Friends
Colleagues
Family friends
Relatives
Others
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Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Occurrence period
partner violence
• the period is identified by the relationship
non partner violence
• since 16teen years old
• before 16teen years old
• forced sexual activities by everyone
• physical violence by parents
11
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Reference period
• the life course
• the 12 last months (before the
interviews)
But many other periods can be used
•
•
•
•
before 20 years ago
10-20 years ago
5-10 years ago
the last five years.
12
Prevalence indicators examples
Women aged 16 to 70 who have suffered physical or sexual violence by men,
by period of happening, type of authors and type of violence - Year 2006
Table 1 - Women aged 16 to 70th who have suffered physical or sexual violence by men, by period of
(per100type
women
withand
the
same
characteristics)
happening,
of authors
type
of violence
- Year 2006 (for 100 women with the same characteristics)
During lifetime*
Last 12 months
Any Partner
Not
autho
or ex partner
Any Partner
Not
author
or ex partner
Physical or sexual
violence
31,9
14,3
24,7
5,4
2,4
3,4
Physical violence
Sexual violence
Rape or
18,8
23,7
4,8
12,0
6,1
2,4
9,8
20,4
2,9
2,7
3,5
0,3
1,7
1,0
0,2
1,1
2,6
0,2
Rape
2,3
1,6
0,8
0,2
0,1
0,0
Attempted rape
3,3
1,3
2,3
0,2
0,1
0,2
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Partner violence
Women between 16 and 70 years of age victims of physical or sexual violence by a
partner, by perpetrator, moment in which the crime was perpetrated and typology
of violence – Year 2006 (per 100 women with the same characteristics)
Current or
ex partner
DURING LIFETIM E
Physical or sexual violence
Physical violence
Sexual violence
Rape or tempted rape
Rape
Tempted rape
14.3
12.0
6.1
2.4
1.6
1.3
Current
Ex Husband/
partner partner cohabitant
Ex
Fiancé husband/ex
cohabitant
Ex fiancé
7.2
5.9
2.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
17.4
14.6
8.1
3.7
2.4
2.0
7.5
6.2
2.6
0.6
0.5
0.3
2,938
1,187
1,921
1,000
187
723
Physical or sexual violence
2.4
2.3
1.1
1.9
3.8
0.9
1.1
Physical violence
1.7
1.5
0.9
1.3
2.6
0.8
0.9
Sexual violence
1.0
1.0
0.4
0.9
1.3
0.4
0.4
499
373
127
254
119
30
100
14
T o tal victims o f vio lence (a.v. in tho usand)
5.9
4.5
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
22.4
20.5
10.7
5.2
4.2
2.5
13.7
10.8
6.1
2.6
1.5
1.6
1,250
LAST 12 M ONTHS
T o tal victims o f vio lence (a.v. in tho usand)
non partner violence
Women between 16 and 70 years of age victims of physical or sexual violence by a non partner,
by kind of violence suffered, period and kind of perpetrator - Year 2006 (per 100 women and per
100 victims with the same characteristics)
P H Y S IC A L O R
S E X UA L
V IO LE N C E
P ER P R ET A T OR S
Since 16
Last 12
year-o ld
mo nths
to to day
P H Y S IC A L O R
S E X UA L
V IO LE N C E
WIT H O UT
S E X UA L
H A R A SSM EN T
Since 16
year-o ld
to to day
Last 12
mo nths
P H Y S IC A L
V IO LE N C E
Since 16
Last 12
year-o ld
mo nths
to to day
S E X UA L
V IO LE N C E
Since 16
Last 12
year-o ld
mo nths
to to day
S E X UA L
H A R A SSM EN T
Since 16
year-o ld
to to day
Last 12
mo nths
R A P E OR
A T T EM T ED
RAP E
Since 16
Last 12
year-o ld
mo nths
to to day
FOR 100 WOM A N WITH THE SA M E CHA RA CTERISTICS
Kno wn perso n
A relative
A n acquaintance
A friend
12,8
2,1
6,3
3,0
1,6
0,2
0,7
0,4
8,4
1,9
3,7
2,1
0,9
0,2
0,3
0,3
6,7
1,7
2,6
1,6
0,8
0,2
0,3
0,2
8,5
0,5
4,3
1,7
0,9
0,0
0,5
0,3
6,7
0,3
3,3
1,1
0,9
0,0
0,4
0,2
2,3
0,2
1,2
0,5
0,1
0,0
0,1
0,1
A family friend
0,4
0,0
0,2
0,0
0,1
0,0
0,3
0,0
0,2
0,0
0,1
.
Wo rk co lleague
Do es no t specify
2,6
0,5
0,3
0,0
1,1
0,4
0,1
0,0
0,8
0,3
0,1
0,0
2,1
0,2
0,2
0,0
1,8
0,1
0,2
0,0
0,3
0,1
0,0
0,0
15,3
2 4 ,7
5 .2 2 1
2,0
3 ,4
725
1,7
2 ,5
528
0,7
2 ,9
6 10
.
0 ,2
37
Unkno wn man
N o n pa rt ne r
( a .v . in t ho us a nd)
4,2
11,6
2 .4 5 7
0,4
1,3
271
3,6
9 ,8
2 .0 6 2
0,4
1,1
238
13,4
2 0 ,4
4 .3 0 5
1,7
2 ,6
549
12,9
18 ,9
3 .9 8 1
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Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Intensity of violence
• More complex issue
• How to ask numbers of incidents
• Do women remember well?
• Subjective dimension in
quantifying series of incidents
• How to count series of incidents
16
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Intensity of violence
numbers of incidents
How many times did it happen? /_/_/
don’t know/don’t remember
how often did it happen?
•every day/almost every day;
•one or more times a weeks (1-3);
•one or more times a month (1-3);
•one or more times a year;
•only in particular periods of the year but in repetitively
way;
•don’t know/don’t remember; don’t answer/refuse”
17
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Intensity of violence
Until now
• rate of violence occurred more than once, by type
of violence and type of offender, in the life course
and in the 12 months
Working progress
• indicator of frequency calculating the percentage
of violence suffered “1, 2, 3, more than 3 times”
(where the last category includes also the
answers related to “how often it happened”)
or
• Indicator translating the number value, sometimes
very high, for example 30, 45, 97 in the qualitative
items.
18
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Violence Seriousness
Subjective and objective measures of seriousness
Difficulty in interpreting single indicators
Possible construction of synthetic indicators
(ranked items, factorial analysis)
• How serious was this incident for you at the
time?
• Were you physically injured?
• Were you injured so badly that you needed
medical care?
• Did you feel that your life was in danger
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Plus type of injuries ???
Physicalor sexual
partner
REGIONS
Injuries
Feeling of life in
danger
yes
yes
Perception of
seriousness
Very
serious
How consider crime
Enough
serious
A crime
Something
wrong but not
a crime
Only something
that happened
Piemonte
27,1
12,5
37,6
22,1
14,7
43,4
37,6
Valle d'Aosta
26,4
18,9
35,7
23,6
12,8
45,3
38,8
Lombardia
25,7
27,7
41,3
30,3
26,8
39,8
32,4
Trentino Alto Adige
28,6
20,2
36,1
34,6
22,1
43,2
31,7
Bolzano - Bozen
33,7
22,1
37,2
34,1
26,6
37,2
32,0
Trento
23,1
18,1
34,8
35,0
16,8
50,3
31,2
Veneto
27,5
20,0
28,4
31,2
14,9
36,6
44,4
Friuli Venezia
Giulia
27,8
22,3
35,0
21,8
23,3
43,3
33,4
Liguria
30,5
23,2
33,8
39,8
19,8
44,0
32,7
Emilia Romagna
23,1
18,1
29,7
29,1
15,3
45,8
38,1
Toscana
31,7
18,4
32,7
32,0
20,0
45,9
33,5
Umbria
25,8
19,7
31,3
32,3
9,9
56,6
32,8
Marche
24,5
17,8
36,1
27,5
12,8
50,8
36,4
Lazio
28,7
21,5
39,1
31,7
17,7
50,9
30,1
Abruzzo
29,6
28,3
36,1
30,5
18,7
38,8
42,5
Molise
35,5
22,9
33,7
32,6
20,8
48,8
29,6
Campania
30,2
21,2
33,6
28,6
16,3
42,1
39,2
Puglia
26,2
24,8
26,6
31,9
14,0
46,9
35,5
Basilicata
29,7
24,6
33,2
26,6
8,3
52,6
34,9
Calabria
26,0
21,6
40,0
7,8
22,8
42,5
34,7
Sicilia
23,5
18,2
30,2
30,0
12,4
45,2
40,3
Sardegna
24,8
22,5
27,2
45,6
19,4
35,8
42,4
20
Italia
27,1
21,3
34,5
29,7
18,2
44,0
36,0
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
Violence Seriousness
Critics aspects:
• information on the last episodes
• ambivalence of seriousness measure
•
•
•
•
•
reporting behaviour
getting in touch with shelters or other specialised
agency
use of alcohol or medication
Use of professional counselling to cope with
violent experience
regarding to the incident as a crime
Possibility of ranking the screening questions
Use of frequency
Use of violence length (duration)
21
Expert
group
meeting on
indicators
General versus
Specific indicators
Specific indicators
• different levels of geographical
area
• victims’ characteristics
•age, civil status, level of
education, professional status,
etc……
• offenders’ characteristic
Focusing on denominators choice
22
REGIONI
Physical or sexual
violence during
lifetime
Physical or sexual
violence in the
last 12 months
Physical violen
ce
Sexual violence
Rape or attempted
rape
Piemonte
33,6
5,4
18,3
26,5
5,2
Valle d'Aosta
34,6
3,6
20,1
24,3
5,9
Lombardia
34,8
5,2
20,1
25,6
4,7
Trentino Alto Adige
32,2
4,2
19,0
24,4
5,8
Bolzano - Bozen
31,1
4,8
19,9
22,7
7,1
Trento
33,1
3,6
18,1
26,0
4,6
Veneto
34,3
5,7
19,6
26,0
5,7
Friuli Venezia Giulia
33,9
6,1
20,1
24,7
4,7
Liguria
35,4
4,1
19,9
26,6
6,4
Emilia Romagna
38,2
7,0
23,1
29,6
6,9
Toscana
34,7
5,6
20,8
26,4
5,8
Umbria
28,6
6,4
17,3
21,8
4,9
Marche
34,4
7,5
20,1
25,2
4,7
Lazio
38,1
5,8
21,3
29,8
4,8
Abruzzo
27,6
6,0
15,6
21,6
4,0
Molise
24,8
5,9
14,1
19,3
4,3
Campania
29,8
5,8
18,6
20,0
3,7
Puglia
24,9
5,0
15,8
17,6
4,3
Basilicata
23,6
4,8
14,4
16,2
3,3
Calabria
22,5
3,1
13,6
15,4
2,7
Sicilia
23,3
4,8
14,2
16,5
Sardegna
27,1
4,1
15,3
20,3
23
3,3
4,4
Conclusions … studying indicators
24