Transcript 3/13 TURFGRASS ADAPTATION AND SELECTION LAWN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE TIDEWATER AREA Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national.

3/13
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TURFGRASS
ADAPTATION
AND
SELECTION
LAWN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
FOR THE TIDEWATER AREA
Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion,
age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.
Turf Love Program
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
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Topics for Today’s
Training Program
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Lawn and Landscape Soil Testing
Proper Turfgrass Selection
Turfgrass Establishment
Fertility programs and application principles
Mowing programs and principles
Cultivation programs and principles
Irrigation principles
A few specific “spring things” and thoughts on
diseases and insects
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
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You’ve selected the best grass. Now,
before you do anything regarding
planting…
SOIL TEST!
Anytime is the right time to soil test.
A basic test performed by the university lab will provide
you with info on P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and pH.
The cost-- $10 per sample from Virginia Tech.
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Soil pH
A numerical measure of the acidity or
hydrogen ion activity of a soil
SCALE
0
Pure Acid
6 – 6.5
7
14
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Turfgrass
Neutral
Pure Alkaline
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
Ultimate Goal
of Soil Testing
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Provide a soil that is chemically
beneficial to turfgrass rooting
and nutrient uptake while
minimizing excess nutrients
that may damage the
surrounding environment.
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FY 12 JAMES
CITY COUNTY
SOIL SAMPLE
RESULTS
pH
Phosphorus
27% at 6.0 to 6.5 (on target)
12% = low
36% under 6.0
34% = medium
37% over 6.5
54% = high/very high
Based upon about 140 samples.
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Is there any such thing as
a “perfect lawn grass” in Virginia?
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First Things First:
Define Your Objectives
Seed or vegetative plantings
Fast or slow growing desired
Low maintenance or high maintenance
Sun or shade (or both?!)
Dormancy (i.e., loss of green color): acceptable or not?
Slope exposure (SW vs. NE)? Location around heat sinks
(buildings, parking lots, sidewalks, streets, etc.)
Answering these questions first allows you to immediately
eliminate certain species from consideration.
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Cool-Season Grasses
Optimum top growth 60-75oF
Optimum root growth 40-60oF
Little or no winter dormancy
Continuously active root system
Vary in summer persistence
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Seasonal Growth Patterns:
Cool-Season Turfgrasses
High
Shoot
Secondary
Window
Primary
window
Root
Medium
CHO
Low
Winter
Early
Spring
Spring
Shoot Growth
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Summer Early Fall
Root Growth
Fall
Winter
Carbohydrates
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Warm-Season Grasses
Optimum shoot and leaf growth @ 80-95oF
Root growth at similar temperatures
Very efficient water and light users
Winter dormancy
Greenup begins with ~55oF soil temps
New roots each spring?
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Seasonal Growth Patterns:
Warm-Season Turfgrasses
Shoot
High
CHO
Medium
Low
Winter
Early
Spring
Spring
Shoot Growth
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The window
of
opportunity!
Be aggressive.
Establish,
fertilize,
cultivate,
verticut,
apply POST
chemicals, etc.
Summer Early Fall
Root Growth
Root
Fall
Winter
Carbohydrates
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Turfgrass
Growth and
Development
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Timing is Everything for Planting!
Cool-Season Turfgrasses
- late summer to early fall establishment is PRIMARY
time for success.
- Secondary window for cool-season turfgrasses is midlate spring . . . WHY?
Warm-Season Turfgrasses
- late spring through mid-summer is ideal for
establishment
- “window of opportunity” begins to close from mid-July
forward
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General Guidelines on Light Requirement of
Virginia’s Predominant Turfgrasses
Kentucky bluegrass
Bermudagrass
6 hours or more direct light required
Perennial ryegrass
Tall fescue
Zoysiagrass
Creeping bentgrass
Centipedegrass*
4 - 6 hours of direct light required
Fine-leaf fescues
St. Augustinegrass*
3 - 4 hours of direct light required
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*Adapted only in Tidewater
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2010-2011 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations
Mike Goatley, Turfgrass Specialist, Virginia Tech
Whitnee Askew, Research Associate, Virginia Tech
Kentucky Bluegrass – Individual varieties selected must make up not less than 10%, nor
more than 35% of the total mixture on a weight basis. All varieties must be certified.
Selections can be made from
Category I alone
or Varieties
various combinations
of Categories I,
Recommended
Seed
are
II, and III as noted. Kentucky
bluegrasses
listed
“Promising”
updated
annually
byas
Virginia
Tech(Category III below) can
account for no more than 35% of the blend by weight).
Category I – Recommended
Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties (65–100% of blend
http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2907/2907by weight). Award, Awesome(3),
Beyond, Bordeaux(3), Brilliant, Cabernet(3),
1397/2907-1397.html
Courtyard, Diva, Everest(3), Everglade, Excursion, Glenmont(1), Impact, Juliet,
Liberator, Midnight, Moonlight(3), NuDestiny, NuGlade, Princeton 105, Quantum
Leap, Raven, Skye, Sudden Impact, Total Eclipse(3), and Touche.
Category II – Promising Kentucky Bluegrasses (10–35% on a weight basis) –
These grasses have performed in the top statistical quality category for a minimum
of 2 consecutive years in Virginia and Maryland trials. Seed may be difficult to
locate for some cultivars. Note: Durablue, ThermalBlue, and ThermalBlue Blaze
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EXAMPLE OF SEED
LABEL
No Weeds!
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Tall Fescue Selections
Cultivar choices available:
• Approximately 100 cultivars on
“VA/MD Recommended or
Promising List”
• So many choices, so why don’t
Virginian’s regularly plant one
of these “best” cultivars?
Availability!
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K-31
Turf-type TF
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
Tall Fescue
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Best adapted cool-season turfgrass
across the state of Virginia
Desirable Soil Characteristics:
Wide range of acceptable soil pHs
Deep, well-drained soils are obviously best,
but tall fescue is the cool-season turfgrass
that will likely establish and persist the
best on poor/shallow soils
Choices available:
• 175 entries in the most recent NTEP trial
• Over 100 commercially available
cultivars from seed/sod
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There are three major fine-leaf fescue
species used extensively in mowed turf
Creeping Red Fescue
Festuca rubra L.
Hard Fescue
Festuca longifolia Thuill
Chewings Fescue
Festuca rubra L. spp.
commutata Gaud.
Main uses are in shaded lawns, parks, secondary roughs,
and low maintenance areas (roadsides); not sports turf.
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Hybrid Bluegrasses?
Crosses between Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa
pratensis) and Texas Bluegrass (Poa arachnifera).
Touted for improved heat and drought tolerance.
Research results to date:
More rapid establishment rates than Kentucky
Bluegrass
Require aggressive N fertilization like KBG to
reduce disease incidence
Promise as a seed mix component with turf-type
tall fescue
Prospects for success are good for Piedmont and
Coastal Plain regions of Virginia . . . SW
Virginia???
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Bluegrass and tall fescue combos, 5-10% Ky BG
Bluegrass alone
Mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (5-10% by weight) and tall fescue (90-95%
by weight) provide desirable aesthetic and disease suppression qualities.
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Bermudagrass: Cynodon spp.
Two species of major importance:
“Common types” (C. dactylon) -- establishment from seed is
likely, but most cultivars have traditionally been
considered inferior in turf quality as compared to
vegetative varieties. However, times are changing.
“Hybrid bermudagrasses” (C. dactylon x transvaalensis) -sterile grasses that can only be established vegetatively.
These grasses have typically provided superior turf
density and finer leaf textures.
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
Bermudagrass Strengths
Excellent wear, drought,
heat tolerance
Excellent recovery from
wear
Excellent salt tolerance . . .
water quality issues not as
critical as with many other
grasses
Fast establishment
Relatively few insect or
disease problems
Competitive against weed
invasion
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Bermudagrass sod installed in
the modular tray system at Lane
Stadium at Virginia Tech.
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Bermudagrass Weaknesses
• Quick winter dormancy means loss
of turf color for 4 to 5 months
• Questionable cold tolerance,
especially for some cultivars
• Poor shade tolerance
• Invasive
• High thatching tendency
• Higher N requirement
• Virginia: Spring Dead Spot/
winterkill concerns
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What about winter overseeding for
color?
• is done regularly on bermudagrass.
• is strongly discouraged on zoysiagrass,
St. Augustine, or centipedegrass.
• is highly detrimental to any warm-season
grass.
•4-8 lbs/1000 sq ft typical.
Overseeded bermuda
Dormant zoysiagrass
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Overseeding warm-season grasses: beautiful in
the beginning, ugly at the end. Transition is
rarely easy.
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Zoysiagrass: Zoysia japonica
Warm-season grass native to hot, humid regions of
SE Asia including China and Japan
Excellent choice for part sun/part shade lawns
where a warm-season grass meets user
requirements in Virginia.
Both vegetative and seeded
Zoysiagrasses are available.
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Pros and Cons of Zoysiagrass
• Negatives:
– Dormancy period (i.e. no color) for approximately 4 months.
– Slow lateral growth rate… expensive (and slow) to establish either from
plugs, sprigs or seed
– Very difficult to mow; requires a sharp mower blade
– Not recommended for overseeding purposes
• Positives:
– Very little pest pressure, particularly weeds.
– Good water use efficiency.
– Dormancy period (i.e. no mowing) for approximately 4 months.
– Slow lateral growth rate… requires less mowing.
– Better shade tolerance than bermudagrass.
– Seeded cultivars making it cheaper to establish.
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Zoysiagrass
Disadvantages:
Slow to recover from wear
High thatching tendency
Minor pest problems; such as, large brown patch,
hunting billbugs, and mole crickets (SE)
Shallow roots compared to bermuda
Thick dormant canopy and lack of aggressiveness does
not allow for successful winter overseeding
Kentucky bluegrass
Grande II RTF
7 months after fall 2005 planting
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Zoysiagrass
Probably an under-utilized grass in the region (and much of the
US) due to the initial planting expense and/or its rate of
establishment.
Recommended varieties: Meyer (vegetative) and Zenith (seeded)
Particularly promising cultivars:
Z. japonica: Crowne, Palisades, Empire, Empress are all
promising
Z. matrella: Diamond, Cavalier, Cashmere promising
Z. japonica x tenuifolia: Emerald promising
There are several other cultivars on the recommended list
that also warrant consideration for eastern Virginia.
Turf Love Program
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
Be Realistic in Terms of
Shade and Turf
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Less than 3 hours of
“filtered light” per day and
chances of growing quality
turf are slim and none
Recommend appropriate
ground covers and shade
loving plants
Avoid the frustrations of the
inability to grow decent turf
in the shade
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Selecting Landscape Plants:
Ground Covers Diane Relf, Extension Specialist, Environmental Horticulture, Virginia Tech
Bonnie Appleton, Extension Specialist, Nursery Crops,Virginia Tech
Ground covers are low-growing plants that spread quickly to form a dense cover. They add beauty to
the landscape and, at the same time, help prevent soil erosion. Grass is the best known ground cover,
but grass is not suited to all locations. Other ground cover plants should be used where grass is
difficult to grow or maintain. Unlike grass, most ground cover plants cannot be walked on. They
can be used effectively
to reduce maintenance work and to put the finishing touch on any
http://pubs.ext.edu/426/426-609/426-609.html
landscaping project.
Location
Ground covers can be found to fit many conditions, but they are used most frequently for the
following locations:
• Steep banks or slopes
• Shady areas under trees and next to buildings
• Underplantings in shrub borders and beds
• Where tree roots grow close to the surface and prevent grass
from growing
• Very wet or very dry locations
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Mix of fescue, bermuda, and weeds
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sprayed out , topped with compost, and seeded
with Zenith zoysia June 1st
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September 1st
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Painted Zoysia Lawn
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Till lawn bed
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Incorporate compost
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Define bed edge and rake out
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Chop up ‘Zeon’ zoysia sod
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September 1
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Install using the stomp method
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Irrigate
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4 weeks later
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Following spring 100% coverage
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One of the Challenges in Meeting
Some of the Latest
DCR Nutrient Recommendations
One way to reduce the potential
for undesirable N loss is to
consider using N sources with
significant amounts of water
insoluble N (WIN) . . . slowly
available or “slow-release” N.
Many recommendations detail
selection of fertilizer sources
that are 30, 50, or even 80%
WIN.
WHERE ARE
THEY?
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
The basis for responsible N
applications on turf?
48
DCR and VCE
nitrogen level and
application timing
recommendations
for primarily water
soluble (readily
available) nitrogen
sources.
Green areas denote optional or
secondary applications.
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
49
The basis for responsible N
applications on turf?
DCR and VCE
nitrogen level and
application timing
recommendations
for primarily water
insoluble (slow
release) nitrogen
sources.
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
50
What role did misapplied
nutrients or chemicals
possibly have in the
undesirable condition of
these waters?
As little as 2575 ppb P is
known to result
in pond failure
– all living
things perish.
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Proper Fertility Timing
Warm-Season Grasses
Refrain from spring fertility until complete
green-up has occurred.
Active growing periods are late spring
through early fall. Again, ½ to 1 lb of
N/1000 sq ft/growing month is typical
during the growing months.
Early-mid spring? ½ to 1 lb N/1000 sq ft
treatment is recommended AFTER spring
green-up.
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Keep Product Off the Hardscapes!!
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If fertilizer is applied to
a reasonably dense,
relatively flat turf
surface, most of it stays
in place. The exceptions
are steep slopes and/or
very sandy soils. And, of
course, there are
chemicals that are
highly water soluble, but
common sense works
wonders!
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The Two Most Critical
Factors In Mowing
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Sharpen and balance the
blade frequently – once per
season, though putting you
ahead of the “average”
homeowner is not enough!
Adjust the mower to the
appropriate cutting height.
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Recommended
Mowing Heights
(highest to lowest cutting heights)
*Mowing heights < 1” require a reel mower.
Tall fescue > Fine Fescue ≥ Ky BG > Per. Ryegrass
2-3”
1.5 – 2.5”
1.5 – 2.5” 0.75 – 2”*
St. Aug. > Centipede > Zoysiagrass > Bermuda
3”
2 - 3”
1 - 2”
0.75 - 1.5”*
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-------2 inches-------
To maintain a healthy
turf that can rapidly
recover from the
damage of mowing,
remove no more than
1/3rd of the leaf blade
at any single mowing
event.
-------------3 inches-------------
Follow the “1/3rd Rule” of Mowing
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Requires a Very Sharp Mower Blade
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Mowing Philosophy for the
Spring/Summer
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Begin to slowly raise cutting heights on cool-season
grasses to the “high” end of optimum ranges . . .
“prepare” them for the summer.
Initiate very regular mowing frequencies on warmseason turf keeping the 1/3rd rule in effect . . . great
chance to promote density by mowing properly
NOW! Mowing on the “lower” side of the
recommended range can actually improve turf
quality during the summer.
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Mowing Philosophy
for the Fall
Begin to slowly raise cutting heights on warm-season
turfgrasses to the “high” end of optimum ranges . . .
“prepare” them for the winter.
Initiate very regular mowing frequencies on coolseason turf keeping the 1/3rd rule in effect . . . great
chance to promote density by mowing properly
NOW! Mowing on the “lower” side of the
recommended range can actually improve turf
quality in the fall.
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60
Clipping Recycling
Why Discard $FREE$ Fertilizer?
Under appropriate management programs, clippings DO
NOT contribute to thatch development.
Returning clippings can account for approximately 30%
of seasonal nutritional requirement.
Maybe most
important of all – it
is environmentally
responsible!
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
Hollow-Tine
Core Aeration
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Physical removal of a core of various diameters and
depths from the soil.
Typical tine size and depth
• ¼ - 1” diameter
• 3 - 12” deep
The Most Critical Tool in a Cultivation Program!
Hollow-Tine Core Aeration is also the most surface
disruptive procedure . . . why does that matter???
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Do I Need to Aerate Every
Year?
What is
Not If You
Want Your
Lawn to
Look Like
This!!!
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this slide
showing?
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63
When is Cultivation Beneficial?
When you can’t pierce the soil
with normal pressure.
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Cultivation of Lawns
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Core cultivation can relieve
physical limitations of compaction
Vertical mowing removes thatch
Increases oxygen levels to roots,
microbes, beneficial insects, etc.
Rejuvenates the turf
Ideal to coordinate with fertilizer
and/or lime applications
Timing
Early to mid-fall for cool-season grasses
Late spring to early summer for warm-season turf
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Compost Applications:
What has been shown
to work:
-1/4” depth of compost per
application, 1 – 2 X annually
-works even better if done in
conjunction with core
cultivation
1,000 sq ft @ ¼” deep = ¾ yards
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What can you
expect?
-better tolerance to
moisture stress
-better disease resistance
-likely reduced need of
synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides
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IRRIGATION
AMOUNTS
Think “deep and
infrequent” – give a
thorough soaking of the
rootzone to a 4” – 6”
depth to promote the
deepest root system.
Give both the grass and
soil only what it needs
and can accept.
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IRRIGATION TIMING
Early Morning:
Minimizes the duration
of leaf wetness = less
disease pressure
Less likely to be affected
by wind = better
distribution
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Irrigation Audits and
Observations
If you have an
irrigation system,
periodically
conduct an
irrigation audit to
determine system
performance and
water distribution
patterns.
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
69
Compare Soil
Intake Rates
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
Fine Sandy Loam
Silt Loam
Clay Loam
.75” to 1”
.5” to .75”
.35” to .5”
.15” to .4”
.1” to .2”
Sprinklers
SOIL
Infiltration
Versus
Spray Application Rate:
MP Rotator Rate:
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1.83” per hour
.45” per hour
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Specific annual concern on tall fescue lawns?
Brown Patch (Rhizoctonia Blight)
How do you reduce the likelihood of Brown Patch?
Avoid heavy spring N fertilization . . . follow the
SON (Sept, Oct, Nov) fertility approach.
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
71
First Things First:
Define Your Objectives
Seed or vegetative plantings
Fast or slow growing desired
Low maintenance or high maintenance
Sun or shade (or both?!)
Dormancy (i.e., loss of green color): acceptable or not?
Slope exposure (SW vs. NE)? Location around heat sinks
(buildings, parking lots, sidewalks, streets, etc.)
Answering these questions first allows you to immediately
eliminate certain species from consideration.
Turf Love Program
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
72
Turf Love – Partnerships
A partner program between PRIDE, Virginia
Cooperative Extension James City County, and
Master Gardener volunteers. Through public
workshops and home visits, volunteers teach
homeowners how to produce healthy turf while
conserving precious water and reducing the use of
fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides which pollute
our streams, rivers, and the Chesapeake Bay.
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WHAT DOES TURF LOVE PROGRAM
PROVIDE?
Personally visit and evaluate your property
Take soil sample – Have it evaluated by Virginia Tech
Based on soil sample analysis, provide written Nutrient
Management Plan customized for your property
• good for 3 years (then should retest soil)
• fertilizers, seeds/sod, and soil amendments
specifically for your property
• what is needed
• how much to buy and apply
• when to do it
Detailed explanations and “how to” methods
Watershed and resource protection stakeholder issues for
your property
Irrigation methods
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Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
HOW DO I SIGN UP FOR
TURF LOVE PROGRAM?
1.
74
Download an application from either:
Virginia Cooperative Extension web site
http://offices.ext.vt.edu/james-city
Or
James City County/Williamsburg Master Gardeners web site
www.jccwmg.org
Or
Call Virginia Cooperative Extension (564-2170) to have an application
mailed to you.
2. Complete the application and pre-visit survey
3. Enclose check for $30 (“VCE-JCC”) and mail to:
Virginia Cooperative Extension
Turf Love Program
P. O. Box 69, Toano, VA 23168
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75
Useful Web Sites
James City County VCE Office:
http://offices.ext.vt.edu/james-city
JCC/W Master Gardeners: www.jccwmg.org
Virginia Tech sites
Weed Id – http://ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm
Turf – http://www.vtturf.com
Seed Recommendations -http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2907/2907-1397/2907-1397.html
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ANY
QUESTIONS?
Give
Us a
Call!
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County
757-564-2170
http://offices.ext.vt.edu/james-city
3127 Forge Road, Toano, VA 23168
Turf Love Program
Virginia Cooperative Extension, James City County