Burley Tobacco ProductionGary Palmer University of Kentucky Useable plant percentage of TN 90 burley tobacco seed on different brands of media Brand of.
Download ReportTranscript Burley Tobacco ProductionGary Palmer University of Kentucky Useable plant percentage of TN 90 burley tobacco seed on different brands of media Brand of.
Burley Tobacco Production 2007 Gary Palmer University of Kentucky Useable plant percentage of TN 90 burley tobacco seed on different brands of media Brand of Media Kentucky Burley Molding Tray Beltwide “Shallow” Tray Media Avg. All Peat 90.4 89.3 89.8 Burley Gold 87.2 89.2 88.2 Carolina Silver 92.5 92.7 92.6 Carolina Choice 94.7 91.9 93.3 Kentucky Paydirt 91.7 89.0 90.4 Metromix Ag-Lite 94.2 94.2 94.2 Southern States 93.7 91.0 92.4 Southern States w COIR 87.0 89.1 88.1 Speedling Fortified 91.1 90.5 90.8 Sunshine LT5 91.3 92.7 92.0 Tray Avg. 91.4 91.0 Burley Variety Update Black Shank, Target Spot Incidence & Burley Tobacco Vigor – Late Season Harrison Co. – Ricci Rowland Farm 90 6 80 5 70 60 % 4 50 3 40 30 2 20 1 10 0 0 HB04P K14 X L8 % Black Shank KT204 KTH206 % Vigor NC 6 TN 90 LSD 0.05 Target Spot (Rating (1-10) Burley Tobacco Yield Fayette Co. – Robert Eads Farm 3500 3316 3077 3000 3139 623 791 1720 1722 1786 1768 665 627 686 767 722 758 3255 3240 783 706 2867 3209 672 682 2000 1500 1905 1816 1796 1554 1000 500 689 502 740 630 TN 90 LC B 30 4 R 7 N C 6 N C 73 71 N 6 K TH 20 04 K T2 P 0 H B 04 Yield lb/a 2500 3008 Flyings Lugs Leaf Total Burley Tobacco Yield Taylor Co. – Chad Sullivan Farm 3000 2954 2204 682 2000 1500 505 718 2265 1130 703 2458 649 538 137 649 210 868 280 402 194 546 634 555 714 764 611 607 1000 2754 2449 554 620 968 1020 730 848 373 357 FLYINGS LUGS LEAF TIPS TOTAL D LS TN 90 LC B 30 4 526 R N C 6 N C 6 394 K TH 20 04 K T2 P 0 424 376 7 500 H B 04 Yield lb/a 2500 2732 Burley Tobacco Stalk Diameter at Harvest Woodford Co. – Rusty Thompson Farm 1.55 1.5 Inches 1.45 1.4 1.35 1.3 1.25 1.2 HB04P KT 204 KTH 206 N 7371 NC 5 LSD 0.05 = 0.12 NC 6 NC 7 R 307 TN 90 LCB Burley Tobacco Yield Woodford Co. – Rusty Thompson Farm 2714 3000 637 2715 814 698 2618 2629 642 2886 2965 2850 794 843 788 2396 387 163 802 750 2000 731 1500 1000 631 608 1008 907 964 337 380 445 615 638 608 589 559 981 954 388 314 1055 1114 533 145 809 200 304 109 1071 90 LC B 30 7 R 7 TN Flyings Lugs Leaf Tips Total LS D 401 395 NC 6 NC 5 NC 73 71 399 N KT H2 06 04 P 0 KT 20 4 500 HB Yield lb/a 2500 2732 Fertilization Nitrogen Fertilizer Issues Economics Production cost up N fertilizer prices up Availability Homeland security issues Nitrosamine concerns Price tied to natural gas Transportation costs up Tobacco companies want less N applied Quality concerns Too little: thin body, poor yield Too much: delayed maturity, fat stems Alternative N Sources Dolomitic – Ammonium Nitrate (27% N) Ammonium nitrate mixed with lime 78% ammonium nitrate Theoretically similar to ammonium nitrate Can impregnate some chemicals ? Relatively high cost? Availability (Bagged) Limited practical experience Alternative N Sources Sodium Nitrate (16% N) Calcium Nitrate (15.5% N) Sodium-Potassium Nitrate (15% N) Immediate uptake (good for sidedress) Good for low pH soils Erratic availability High cost Low analysis – high transport cost Alternative N Sources UAN 28% Effects of Ammonium Nitrate Application on Soil pH Anhydrous Ammonia, Urea, UAN solutions : similar 0N 240 lbs N Soil pH 6.4 6.2 6 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 21-Aug 14-Aug 7-Aug 31-Jul 24-Jul 17-Jul 10-Jul 3-Jul 26-Jun 19-Jun 12-Jun 5-Jun 29-May 22-May 15-May 8-May 1-May 5 Effect of Liming an Acid Soil Prior to Use of Urea and Sodium Nitrate Sources of Nitrogen Sodium Nitrate Urea 7 6.3 6.5 5.8 Soil pH 6 6 5.5 5.3 5.7 5 4.5 4.7 4 0 5 Tons of Lime/A 7.5 Both N sources applied at 225 lb N/A pre-plant. Soil pH (water) measured at midseason of each year. Soil pH before liming was 5.4. Effect of Liming an Acid Soil Prior to Use of Urea and Sodium Nitrate Sources of Nitrogen Sodium Nitrate Yield lb/a 3000 2765 2800 2612 2600 2772 2750 2647 2400 2200 2358 2000 0 5 Tons of Lime/A Both N sources applied at 225 lb N/A pre-plant. 7.5 Urea Revised Nitrogen Recommendations For Tobacco Well Drained Soil Moderately Well Drained Soil ------------Lb N/A-----------Low N levels: following tobacco or row crops 225-250 250-275 Medium N levels: first-year tobacco following a grass or grass-legume sod 200-225 225-250 High N levels: first-year tobacco following legume sod or legume cover crop 150-175 175-200 Influence of Nitrogen Rate on Burley Yield UK Woodford Co. Farm 3000 2500 2896 687 2788 2746 2897 717 727 782 2000 LB/A 1500 787 1000 916 793 506 525 100 + 0 100 + 100 500 753 2577 337 716 97 685 107 762 804 700 726 681 123 557 585 495 109 200 + 0 200 + 100 300 + 0 LSD Total Tips Leaf Lugs Flyings 0 Broadcast N N source = 28% UAN Broadcast units +Ammonium Nitrate Sidedressed units Effect of Broadcast & Sidedress Nitrogen Source on Burley Yield Fayette County – Robert Eads Farm 3500 3000 3261 3335 3103 3135 3230 3334 862 909 804 821 850 905 1584 1684 1563 1560 1576 1695 814 742 736 754 804 734 Liquid UAN 28% Urea AN CN LB/A 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 AN 27 AN 34 Broadcast (150 units/ acre) Sidedress (100 Units/ acre) AN = Ammonium Nitrate, CN = Calcium Nitrate Total Leaf Lugs Flyings Controlling Insects Admire 2F Admire Pro 0.5 fl oz/1000 Platinum Hornworms Budworm and Hornworm Insecticides Acephate 75 SP, Orthene 75 SP Orthene 97 *Agree WG Rate/Acre 2/3 lb (HW) to 1 lb (BW) 2/3 lb (HW) to 1 lb (BW) ½ lb HW 3/4 lb BW 1 to 2 lbs Harvest Interval (Days) 3 0 *Biobit HP or F ½ to 1 lb 1 to 4 pts 0 Denim 0.16 EC 8 to 12 fl oz 14 *Dipel 10 G *Dipel DF *Dipel ES 5 to 10 lbs 0 1/2 to 1 lb 1 to 2 pts (BW) ½ to 1 pt (HW) 0 Endosulfan 3E 2/3 to 1-1/3 qt 5 *Javelin WG 1/8 to 1-1/4 lb 0 Lannate SP ½ lb 14 *Lepinox WDG 1 to 2 lbs 0 Sevin 80S 1-1/4 lbs 0 Tracer 4SC 1.4 to 2.9 fl oz 3 Warrior 1 CS 1.9 to 3.8 fl oz 40 *XenTari DF ½ to 2 lb 0 Pesticide Concerns Illegal pesticides Could void contract Indiscriminant use of labeled pesticides Endosulfan (Golden Leaf) MH Do not use at or after topping Current Sucker Control Recommendation Reduce MH rate and add a local systemic 1.5 gal MH + 0.5 gal Butralin, Flupro or Prime+ Use Coarse nozzles TG-3 or TG-5 full cone nozzles Effects of Application of MH by Coarse vs Fine Nozzles on Yield of Burley Tobacco 4000 3500 Yield lb/a 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Bath Fleming Jackon Knox Laurel Lawrenc e Nelson Pendleto Average* n Fine 2398 3105 1713 2352 2074 2697 2194 2911 2355 Coarse 2617 3474 1998 2498 2291 2949 2397 3014 2524 Application Coarse nozzles TG-5 or equivalent at 4 - 4.5 mph TG-3 or equivalent at 2.5 - 3 mph Range of MH Residues in Kentucky for 1997 - 2004 100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 Extremely High Very High High Medium Low 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2 14 21 29 34 9 10 14 30 38 5 15 21 25 33 0 5 13 33 49 1 5 5 27 63 2 3 9 22 64 0 2 7 26 63 3 5 6 16 71 Low < 41, Medium = 41-80, High = 81-120, Very High = 120 - 200, Extremely High >200 ppm Advantages Disadvantages Higher yields Higher Cost Better returns Improved sucker control Lower MH residue Extended Control 5-7 wks Rain safety after 2 hrs Not as weather dependent No cover crop concern No ground sucker concern Improved grower confidence Produces darker cured leaf MH Free Tobacco Each Leaf Directs Sucker Material to the Stalk 3 whorls of 8 leaves Directs spray material down the stalk Successful Methods Hand Jug method Backpack High Clearance Sprayer Drop Lines MH-FREE SUCKER CONTROL PROGRAM FOR BURLEY TOBACCO 1934 3500 2800 2543 2832 3014 3098 190 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 05 0. LS D TM -M H R TM -R TM +B R TM -B R -B B TM -R TM -B R NT R EA TE D 0 U YEILD LB/A 3000 RTM=RoyalTac M, B=Butralin, MH=Maleic Hydrazide MH-FREE SUCKER CONTROL PROGRAM FOR BURLEY TOBACCO 0. LS D R RTM=RoyalTac M, B=Butralin, MH=Maleic Hydrazide 4.66 05 70.85 TM -M H 77.23 TM -R TM +B TM -B 74.35 R B -B 73.50 R R U NT R EA TE D Grade Index 73.38 TM -R TM -B 68.78 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Labor Issues Overview of H-2A Program Requirements 1. Recruit U.S. Workers 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Provide a Work Contract Pay AEWR Wages Provide Housing Provide Transportation Provide Tools & Equipment Provide Worker’s Compensation Insurance Provide Payroll Statements Maintain Three-Quarters Guarantee H-2A Contract Fee No. of Workers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11+ **Burley Growers Fee Fee $ 450 $300 $ 600 $310 $ 750 $320 $ 900 $330 $1,050 $340 $1,200 $350 $1,350 $360 $1,500 $370 $1,650 $380 $1,800 $390 Add $150 Add $10 per worker per worker **Fees include – DOL & INS Fees. Advertising fees are not included and must be added to this fee. Mechanical Harvesting Market Preparation Non-tobacco Related Material