History of Plant Tissue Culture

1861Knop: Knop’s solution, inorganic salt nutrition

1902

Haberlandt (Austria): Cultivate isolated plant cells in vitro on an artificial medium

Concept of “ Totipotency ”

Plants can be separated into their component parts ( organs, tissues, or cells ), which can be manipulated in vitro and then grown back to complete plants

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Father of Plant Tissue Culture 1922 Kotte (student of Haberlandt): Improve medium : sugar, Organic N-compounds

1922 Robbins (USA) : Root tip culture - Pisum , Zea , and Gossypium First success of culturing plant tissue in vitro 1923 Robbins & Maneval: Maintained maize roots for 20 weeks with the aid of subcultures 1926 Went: Discovery of auxin 1933 Kogl, Haagen-Smit & Erxleben : Isolation of IAA (indo-3-acetic acid)

Gautheret

1932 Gautheret : Root tip & root fragment culture 1934 Gautheret: Cambium culture ( woody plant ) It can be maintained several months 1937 Gautheret: IAA promotes root growth 1939 Gautheret: Carrot explants develop to undifferentiated mass (callus) and it can be maintained by repeated subculture

White

1932 Root tip culture - Triticum 1934 Indefinite culture of isolated roots Tomato - subculture / 7 days 1936 160 passages Importance of vitamin B complex in root culture ( use yeast extract ) 1939 Procambial tissue culture  callus ( Nicotiana ) from small leaf and shoot 1942 Tumor culture  callus without hormone

Steward

1950 Steward: Carrot culture : Quantitative analysis of culture growth Discovered embryogenesis in vitro 1955 Steward & Shantz (in Cornell): Carrot root phloem in liquid medium  single cell suspension

1958 Whole plant

＊ Prove the concept of totipotency

Carrot plants from root cells (Stewart, 1964)

1952 Morel & Martin : First virus-free plant through shoot tips culture ( Dahlia ) 1960 Shoot tip culture of Cymbidium ＊

Propagation many plants from one plant

1954 Muir, Hildebrandt & Riker (in Wisconsin) :

Suspension culture by reciprocal shaker ( Nicotiana ) Single cell clone by nurse cell culture method

1955 Miller and Skoog Discovery of kinetin (the first cytokinin) Tobacco culture ---> bud formation 1957 Skoog & Miller :

＊

auxin / cytokinin balance in root or shoot formation high kinetin ---> shoot high auxin ---> root

Auxin / Cytokinin balance

1956 Nickell (Chas, Pfizer & Co. N.Y.): Single cell suspension culture of Phaseolus vulgaris ＊ Idea of producing plant alkaloids from tissue culture 1957 Tulecke : Pollen culture of Ginkgo biloba 1960 Bergmenn : Plating culture Nicotiana tobacum & Phaseolus vulgaris Single cell suspension culture --> plating in 0.6% agar medium, thin layer in petri dish --> cell divided to form colony

1960 Cocking : (UK) Enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast

1962 M urashige & S koog : Tobacco tissue culture Mineral media: 1. Macro element 2. Micro element included Fe 3. Vitamin 

Micropropagation

＊ Development of MS medium

Tobacco plants from single cells (Vasil & Hilderbrandt, 1965)

1964 Guha & Maheshwari : (India) Anther culture ---> haploid plant ( Datura ) ＊

One pollen grain ---> one plant

1968 Niizeki & Oono : (Japan) Haploid plant of rice ＊ Started for plant breeding

1971 Nagata & Takebe : (Japan) Plant regeneration from tobacco protoplast

1972

Carlson : Somatic hybrid plant from protoplst fusion

Nicotiana glauca

+ N. langsdorffii ( 2n = 24 ) ( 2n = 18 ) Somatic hybrid (2n = 42 )

Continue …………………

1974: Zaenen (Ghent University, Belgium) Discovery of Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1970-80s: Nester (USA), van Montago (Ghent Univ., Belgium) Ti plasmid analysis 1983: van Montago, Ghent University, Belgium) First transgenic plant.

1985: Monsanto (USA) Leaf disk transformation method (Monsanto)