Transcript « Portugal – Changes in the residence of third level students Census Unit Fernando Casimiro and Paula Paulino Geneva, 28 - 30 October 2009

«
Portugal – Changes in the
residence of third level students
Census Unit
Fernando Casimiro and Paula Paulino
Geneva, 28 - 30 October 2009
Summary
 Introduction
 International Context
 Model of enumeration
 Prior to 2001
 Used in 2001 and some main results
 For 2011
 The near future
Introduction
 2 alternative determinants on population census
 “De jure” or resident population (vote, direct right to
access to main social infrastructures, etc)
 “De facto” or present population (mix of immediate and no
immediate rights, like visitors); part of this population is
usually enumerated with very few variables, like sex or
age only.
 UNECE recommendations give privilege to resident
population
 Students are more and more a “migrant” group of
population due to location of universities and
international exchange programmes.
International context
 2006 UNECE recommendations changed the concept of residence in
parag. 158 and 159;
 Some exception for migrants is suggested in parag. 161;
 Footnote 11 can be interpreted in a double way (either … or); it would
better to use the first condition (been living for more than 12 months)
AND the second condition ( intention to stay for at least one year);
 Different conditions are stated in parag. 162 for similar situations (
secondary and 3rd level students, persons that work away from home
and return weekly);
 National accounts consider students as living within their family home;
 Classification of the population into 3 main conditions (parag. 165):
resident and present; resident but absent; present but not resident;
 Students living away from family home are a very unstable group of
population, concerning the school residence.
International context
Table 1 - Comparison between immigrants and third level students in
the recommendations
Situation
Immigrant
Type
Conditions
Situation in the
destination
country
Temporary
Stay >3 and <12 months
Not resident
Permanent
Stay> 12 months or the
intention to stay more than 12
months
Resident
Not relevant
Parag. 159 b) combined with
the criteria of parag. 162 c)
Resident
Not relevant
Only parag. 162 c)
Resident ?
3rd level
student
Model of enumeration
Prior to 2001
 3 variables: location of place of school; time taken to travel to
school” and “ main mode of transport”
 Only for resident population present at census day;
 Resident but absent and present but not resident persons were
excluded;
 People resident and present at the census day but studying
away from the family home were giving inconsistent answers
on the time taken and mode of transport.
 Most students return almost every weekend to the family home
and were enumerated as resident and present on the census
day.
Model of enumeration
Used in 2001
 3 variables: location of place of school; time taken to travel to
school” and “ main mode of transport”
 The residence status was observed on the basis of 2
questions:
 Place of usual with 3 modalities (resident and living most time of the
year; resident but not living most time of the year; present but not
resident);
 Situation on census day (present or absent in the living quarter)
 Only for resident persons that live in the living quarter most
time of the year
 Resident but absent and present but not resident persons
were excluded
 Allows the “allocation” of students to the municipality were
they are studying
Model of enumeration
Some results of 2001 on 3rd level students:
 240.459 3rd level students were enumerated of which
36,6% were away from home;
 97,4% pursuing their education away from home were in
the country
 84% are integrated in couples with children, but 22,9% are
children within couples with 1 child
 8,7% are children within lone mother nuclei
 93,6% are children (in the family status)
Model for 2011
Similar to 2001; however, some recommended
changes on the concepts cause also changes on
the comparability of the final results:
 Portuguese 3rd level students living abroad (or having
the intention) for more than 12 months are excluded
from their family homes
 Long term foreign students and short term with the
intention of staying for more than 12 months must be
enumerated as residents in Portugal
Near future
 For 2011 Portugal decided to use the exception
outlined in the para. 162 c) of the UNECE
recommendations (students in Portugal are always
resident in the family home unless they are economically
active);
 However some new considerations should be taken
into account to evaluate the practices of every
country on the residence of 3rd level students;
 There is not a clear evidence of the advantages of
the new recommended model.
Near future
Some advantages and disadvantages on the residence of 3rd level students in
the household of origin
Advantages
- Maintains the household and family structure;
- Integrates the household members’ revenue-to-expenditure ratio;
- Avoids building one-person households with atypical, dependent
income or from another source;
- Keeps consistency with national accounts;
- Similar treatment to other similar situations;
- Allows for extended statistical knowledge (household’s place of
residence and location of school) of a very specific population
group;
- Current perception by households that students are a part of them;
- Avoids “atypical macrocephaly” arising from the accumulation of
resident population in major university cities, with no links to the
supporting household.
Disadvantages in relation to
residence in the location of
school
- Reduction of resident population in
university areas;
- Increase in the number of residents
who are not living with their
families most of the year;
- Exception to the rule of residence as
a determinant of the place where
a person usually spends his/her
daily night-rest;
- Risk of these persons being
forgotten due to proxy interviews
Near future
 Do we really need the classification of
population inserted in the para. 165 b) (resident
but absent)?
 Why not replace this classification by other that
would be more consistent with the “new” concept
of residence, mostly for that people that spends
the working/studying days away from family
home, but return usually at the weekend?
Near future
Proposal of Portugal
 To keep third level students economically inactive as
residents in the respective households of origin;
 To change paragraph 165 b) to “resident persons who
do not spend most of their daily night-rest therein the
majority of the year, to study, work, or for health
reasons, returning home on most weekends”;
 To consider the location of school as a core variable for
students classified as economically inactive.
Thank you for your attention!