Transcript The Contribution of space Agencies Dr Stephen Briggs Head, Earth Observation Program Planning & Coordination European Space Agency GEO&IPCC, 1st February 2011

The Contribution of space Agencies
Dr Stephen Briggs
Head, Earth Observation Program Planning & Coordination
European Space Agency
GEO&IPCC, 1st February 2011
First image of the Earth from space
Satellite Earth observation supports climate:
– Modelling and prediction
– Impacts and vunerability
– Mitigation
– Adaptation
– (Attribution?)
Supporting all Societal Benefit Areas (SBAs) of GEO
global sea-level record
Satellite altimetry
Holgate and Woodworth, 2004
1.8 +/- 0.3 mm/yr (1960 to 2000)
Church et al., 2004, 2006
regional sea-level trends
mm p.a.
ENVISAT for monitoring dykes in the Netherlands
History: Zeeland, 31 Jan 1953
1835 casualties
Evacuation of 72000 people
2500 km2 flooded
Thousands of buildings destroyed
On the potential of PS-InSAR for monitoring dikes in the Netherlands
Courtesy of Ramon Hansen Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems
Overflowing
Overtopping
Piping
17000 km of water barriers:
– 3565 km primary water barriers
(big rivers, sea, IJsselmeer,
Markermeer),
– >14000 km regional water barriers
BLUE Below Sea level
Sliding inner slope
Plastic horizontal sliding
Nipping ice
On the potential of PS-InSAR for monitoring dikes in the Netherlands
Courtesy R. Hansen Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems
~90% of dykes monitored
Landsat background, with PSIdike results of 9 frames
superposed (1992-2005)
On the potential of PS-InSAR for monitoring dikes in the Netherlands
Courtesy of Ramon Hansen Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems
Combining data from different sensors
1997-1998: El Nino – ERS-1/2 ATSR and RA
Passive Microwave September Ice Extent 1979-2007
Envisat: Ice Thickness anomaly 2007/
Planetary Visions Ltd.
[Giles, et al., GRL, 2008]
Ozone depletion:
Ozone layer depletion levelling off?
Slightly positive trend of global
ozone increase of almost 1%
per decade in the total ozone
from the last 14 years
(result confirmed by comparisons with
ground-based measurements)
Ozone hole
Two climate action paths
GCOS-82 in 2003
GCOS-92 in 2004
GEOSS 10-year plan in 2005
GCOS-107 in 2006
CEOS response 2006
CEOS IP for GEOSS in 2007
Committee on Earth Observing Satellites
NEW - Working Group on Climate (WGClimate)
WGClimate will coordinate and
encourage collaborative activities
between the world’s major space
agencies in the area of climate
monitoring
Mandate of this new Working Group is to facilitate the
implementation and exploitation of Essential Climate
Variable (ECV) time-series through coordination of the
existing and substantial activities undertaking be
CEOS member agencies.
Chair of CEOS WGClimate
Mark Dowell - (EC/JRC)
Vice Chair John Bates - (NOAA/NCDC)
ECV Gap Analysis Table
SCOPE-CM Pilot Projects
Sensors
Parameters and topics
1
AVHRR
Clouds and Aerosols
2
SSM/I
Water vapour, clouds,
precipitation
3
GEO
Surface albedo, clouds
and aerosols
4
GEO
Winds and clear sky
radiances
5
GEO
Upper tropospheric
humidity
Lead
Contributors
Further information: www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/SCOPE-CM.html
INTRODUCTION
Climate Change Initiative
Programme Content
INPUT FROM
Long Term Archiving Programmes
Multi-mission infrastructure
FEEDBACK LOOP:
Re-processing ex archive
(e.g. calibration)
6 year programme
for 3 cycles
“Gather”
ECV generation
(e.g. validation &
“Deliver” bias)
ECV assimilation
& assessment
“Exploit”
OUTPUT TO
International Climate Programmes
EC & MS R&D Programmes
IPCC Process, UNFCCC
Education & Awareness
“Show”
CCI Selection criteria => First 11 ECVs (21)
Atmosphere
Surface
( 0, 0, 6 )
Air Temperature; Precipitation ; Air pressure;
Water vapour; Surface radiation budget;
Wind Speed & direction;
Upper air
( 1, 1, 3 )
Cloud properties,
Wind speed & direction
Earth radiation budget;
Upper-air temperature; Water vapour;
Composition
( 3, 0, 0 )
Ocean
Surface
( 4, 2, 1 )
Sub-surface
( 0, 0 , 7 )
Terrestrial
( 3, 7, 4 )
Carbon dioxide Methane & other GHGs;
Ozone; Aerosol properties
Sea-surface Temp; Sea-level; Sea-ice; Ocean colour;
Sea state; Sea-surface salinity
Carbon dioxide partial pressure
Temperature; Salinity; Current; Nutrients; Carbon;
Ocean tracers; Phytoplankton
Glaciers & ice caps; Land Cover; Fire disturbance
Fraction of absorbed photo-synthetically active radiation; LAI , Albedo
Biomass, Lake levels, Snow cover, Soil moisture
Water use, Ground water, River discharge
Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground
ESA missions data
=>
FCDRs
ERS-1
Data from each sensor contributes to FCDR of several ECVs
=>
ERS-2
ECVs FCDR of each ECV requires data from several sensors
Envisat (2002)
Sentinels
Earth Explorer
Eumetsat
Other Missions
count
JERS / ALOS (1991 / 2006)
Radarsat (1995)
Aquarius(2010)
TOMS (1978)
OMI (2004)
Geosat Follow-on (1998)
SeaWIFS (1997)
MODIS (1999)
DMSP – SSMI (1987)
AVHRR (1981)
Landsat (1977)
SPOT / HRV (1986)
SPOT / VGT (1998)
TOPEX / Jason (1991)
Ascatt (2006)
IASI (2006)
GOME-2 (2006)
MSG (2002)
Sentinel 5
Sentinel 4
Sentinel 3 (2012)
Sentinel 2 (2012)
Sentinel 1 (2012)
EarthCAre (2012)
ADM / Aeolus (2009)
Cryosat (2009)
SMOS (2009)
GOCE (2008)
GOMOS
MIPAS
Sciamachy
ASAR Image Mode
ASAR Wave Mode
Meris
AATSR
Radar Altimeter
Gome
Scatterometer
SAR Image Mode
SAR Wave Mode
ATSR-2
Radar Altimeter
Scatterometer
SAR Image Mode
SAR Wave Mode
ATSR-1
Radar Altimeter
ECV
●
●
●
●
OCEAN
●
●
●
●
●
LAND
ATMOSPHERE
O.2
Sea Level
O.3
SST
O.4
Ocean Colour
O.5
Sea State
O.6
Ocean Salinity
O.1
Sea Ice Concentration
T.1
Lakes
●●
●
●●
●
T.2
Glacier & Ice Caps
●
●
●
●
T.5
Land Cover
T.6
faPAR
T.7
LAI
T.8
Biomass
T.9
Burned Area & Burning Fire
T.10
Soil Moisture (Research)
T.3
Snow Area
T.4
Albedo
A.4
Cloud Properties
A.7
O3 Total and Column
A.8
Aerosol OD & other props
A.9
GHGs Distributions
A.10
Upper Air Winds
● ●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
7
●
● ●
●●
●
4
12
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●
●●●
●●●
●
●●
●●
●
7
●●
21
●●
12
11
8
8
●
● ●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●●●●●
●●
●
6
● 10
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
3
●●●● ●●
●
● ●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●●
● ●●
●
● ●●
8
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
● ●
● 6
●
●
●● ●●
● ●
●
16
●9
● 13
●●
●
●
●8
● 17
●7
●
4 5 1 5 2 4 10 1 5 2 3 4 10 10 1 6 4 4 2 4 2 3 3 2 6 2 13 3 3 4 3 1 1 3 6 2 2 8 2 10 7 2 1 2 1 4 4 7
1
Global Land Cover at 300 meters
(GlobCover project)
Locus of ESA Climate Change Initiative
(from K. Trenberth: Observational needs for climate prediction and adaptation,
WMO Bulletin 57(1), January 2008)
ESA’s Living Planet Programme
www.esa.int/livingplanet
Earth Explorer
Earth Watch
Research driven
Operational Service driven
Operational
Meteorology
Opportunity
Missions
Core
Missions
GOCE
3-2009
CryoSat
4-2010
ADM-Aeolus
2011
SMOS
11-2009
EarthCARE
2013
Swarm
2010
?
Earth Explorer 7
2016
Meteosat
MSG
EPS (MetOp)
MTG
Post EPS
GMES
Sentinel 1 A/B
Sentinel 2 A/B
Sentinel 3 A/B
Sentinel 4
Sentinel 5
+ 3 Candidate Core Explorers
GOCE – the gravity mission
 In space since March 2009
 Third measurement cycle of
the Earth’s gravity field
A unique mission:
 First gradiometer in space
 Very low orbit (255 km)
 Active air drag control (ion engine)
 Perfectly quiet environment
GOCE gravity field
meters
SMOS – The ESA water mission
In space since 2 November 2009
Applications:
First global observations of two key
variables of the Earth’s water cycle
 Improve models of global water
cycle and global ocean currents
 Improved management of water
resources
The first SMOS Global Soil Moisture
Map (20-23 June 2010)
P. Richaume, CESBIO
CryoSat-2 – ESA‘s ice mission


monitoring
precise changes
in the thickness
of the polar ice
sheets and
floating sea ice,
reaching
latitudes of 88°
Launch 8 April
2010
First results of the CryoSat mission: Ice
cover profiles in the Arctic region
Greenland
Profile of the Greenland
ice sheet in north-south
direction over 2500km
Arctic Sea Ice
150km section of Arctic
sea ice profile in an
area never observed
before
INTRODUCTION
GLOBAL MONITORING FOR ENVIRONMENT
AND SECURITY
- The European Contribution to GEOSS
GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels
Sentinel 1 – SAR imaging
All weather, day/night applications, interferometry
2012 (A), 2014 (B) TBD
Sentinel 2 – Multispectral imaging
Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture,..
Continuity of Landsat, SPOT
2013 (A), 2015 (B) TBD
Sentinel 3 – Ocean and global land monitoring
Wide-swath ocean colour, vegetation, sea/land
surface temperature, altimetry
2013 (A), 2015 (B) TBD
Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmospheric
Atmospheric composition monitoring, transboundary pollution
2018
Sentinel 5 and Precursor – Low-orbit atmospheric
Atmospheric composition monitoring
2014 (5P), 2020
Emergency response example: Danube River
flooding
3 July 2010 flood extent
Galati/Braila, Romania
Map produced within 24 hours
Flooding in Passau, Germany, 3 June
CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images
Satellite Coverage of Danube River
Until 2013:
ENVISAT
2013:
ENVISAT &
Sentinel 1A
2014+:
Sentinel
1A+B
Delayed launch
of Sentinel 1
A/B
INTRODUCTION
Earth observation data
Supporting mitigation/adaptation
- some examples
Renewable Energy : Hydropower
Digital Elevation Model
Land Cover (ENVISAT/SAR)
Snow Cover Extent (ENVISAT/MERIS)
Weather Conditions (MSG)
via Hydrological Model
Water Run Off Forecast
Austrian Alps
Scandinavia
Fisheries & Aquaculture
Industry report in Chile estimated the losses to the (1Bn$
p.a.)industry from Harmful Algal Bloom (HABs)
are $50 Million USD/year (2004).
NRT MERIS/MODIS integrated in a hydrodynamic model to
provide via internet a HAB Early Warning Service.
"To obtain the amount of information covered with
the EO data, alternative methods will be of
considerable higher cost. With in situ
measurements you cannot produce a gradient
map as obtained with EO images. The value of
this information is the area and resolution
obtained in a single didactic image."
Francisco Puga , Manager, Mainstream Group
Development
Re-Insurance : Risks Assessment
During – Flood extent, Dresden ,
Aug 2002 (ASAR / SPOT)
“Earth Observation gives us a view of
the whole extent of the flood, not only
within the heavily-insured urban
centres like Dresden but we can also
zoom out across 400 kilometres of
river to see all the affected parts of
Germany. We can also trace the flood
peak happening. It would take a lot of
work to get the same standard of
information from any other source”
Ulrich Ebel, Vice President, SwissRe
Nordic Risk &
Insurance Summit
(NORIS),
After - Postal Code
Product for Insurance
Phenology from space
2005
• Improve on existing
Phenology (seasonal
vegetation) products
• MERIS Terrestrial
Chlorphyll Index (MTCI) +
LAI
2006
• MERIS FR (300m) + G-POD
processing
• Produce 1km MTCI
composite map updated at
10-day intervals for period
2004 to present for all of
Great Britain
• For specific locations,
produce annual phenology
curves (via modelling)
• Primary Users :
governmental agencies and
NGOs involved in vegetation,
ecosystem and climate
change impact monitoring.
Carbon capture and storage
• Service trial in progress for gas
storage site in Central Europe with a
major O&G company and industry
standards organisation.
Vert. Displacementrate
[m/d]
Carbon Capture & Storage
• Demonstrate potential of high-res
SAR Interferometry for storage site
motion monitoring in compliance
with EU directive for CCS operation,
0,015
0,005
-0,005-
50
100
-0,015
Days from Start of Observation T0
150
The GEO FCT Participants
• Co-leads: Australia (Dept Climate Change), Canada (NR
Canada), Japan (JAXA), Norway (NSC), CEOS, FAO
• Additional participants include:
– Brazil, UK, USA, EC-JRC, GOFC-GOLD
– CEOS space agencies: notably contributions from ASI, CSA, DLR, ESA,
INPE, JAXA, ISRO, USGS
– Various research groups
– Google - contributing the FCT Portal (www.geo-fct.org)
• Many countries cooperating as National Demonstrators in
2009 & 2010
– Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, DR Congo, Guyana, Indonesia,
Mexico, Peru and Tanzania.
41
Land service example: Effects of Policy
Decisions on Deforestation
Iguazu National
Park
Brasil
a World Heritage
site since 1984
Paraguay
Cataratas del
Iguazú
Argentina
1986
1998
1973
Final Map Product of ESA-Pro
GSE Forest Monitoring
(ESA-GAF)
National Demonstrators in 2010
• Initially 7 National Demonstrators in 2009
• Indonesian enlarged and 3 more added in 2010
Coverage of Cameroon, Tanzania: Envisat, 2009
ESA EO missions – launch schedule