COMMUNICATE! Verderber, Verderber, Sellnow Chapter 2 Perception of Self and Others Learning Outcomes LO1 Discover how the perception process works LO2 Examine how self-perception is formed.
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COMMUNICATE! Verderber, Verderber, Sellnow Chapter 2 Perception of Self and Others Learning Outcomes LO1 Discover how the perception process works LO2 Examine how self-perception is formed and maintained LO3 Describe how we form perceptions of others LO4 Discuss how to increase the accuracy of our perception of self and others LO5 Analyze how perception influences and is influenced by communication LO1 Discover how the perception process works Perception The process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it. LO1 Attention and Selection Choice of sensory stimuli depends on: • Needs • Interests • Expectations LO1 Organization Number of stimuli we attend to is substantial. Brain organizes stimuli using: • Simplicity • Pattern LO1 Interpretation As the brain selects and organizes information, it also interprets the information by assigning meaning to it. LO1 Dual Processing • Our capacity to take in and process information is limited • Mind developed two-pronged approach •Automatic processing – heuristics •Conscious processing deliberative LO1 LO2 Examine how selfperception is formed and maintained Perception of Self LO2 • Self-perception – Overall view we have of ourselves – Self-concept • Perception of our skills, abilities, etc. – Self-esteem • Evaluation we make about our personal worthiness based on selfconcept Self-Concept • Personal experiences critical to forming –Positive first experiences –Negative first experiences LO2 Self-Concept LO2 • Shaped by how others react and respond to us – Use comments to validate or alter perceptions – Feedback may reveal abilities never before associated with ourselves • Reactions from someone we respect are more powerful Ideal Self-Concept • As interact with others, form ideal self-concept – What we would like to be LO2 Self-Esteem LO2 • Our positive or negative evaluation of our competencies and traits • Importance we place on what we do well or poorly Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions • Cultural norms play a critical role in shaping self-concept and self-esteem – Independent-self perceptions • Based on belief traits internal to person – Interdependent-self perceptions • Based on belief traits that are specific to a particular context or relationship LO2 Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions Cultural norms play a role in shaping self-perception around masculine and feminine self-perception. LO2 Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions • Some people involved in more than one cultural group • May develop both types of selfperception •Switch “cultural frames” LO2 Accuracy and Distortion • Incongruence • Self-fulfilling prophecies • Filtering messages • Media images LO2 LO5 Discuss how perception influences and is influenced by communication Self-Perception and Communication • Self-talk – Internal conversation have with ourselves • Positive self-perception = positive self-talk • Negative self-perception = negative self-talk LO5 Self-Perception and Communication LO5 • Talk about others –Positive self-perception = take credit for success –Self-perceptions influence how we talk about ourselves with others Self-Perception and Communication LO5 • Influences how talk about others to ourselves –More accurate self-perception = more likely to perceive others accurately –More positive self-perception = more likely to see others favorably Self-Perception and Communication LO5 • Social construction of self –Presenting different aspects of self-concept based on situation and people involved Self-Perception and Communication LO5 • Self-monitoring –Internal process of being aware of how coming across to others and adjusting behavior Changing Self-Perceptions • Fairly enduring characteristics, but can be changed – Therapy and self-help techniques • Improving self-perception will improve how you interact with others and, thus, your selfperception LO5 LO3 Describe how we form perceptions of others Uncertainty Reduction – Theory that explains how individuals monitor social environment to know more about themselves and others – As reduce uncertainty, become more comfortable LO3 Forming Impressions • Physical appearance • Implicit personality theory • Assumed similarity LO3 Making Attributions • Reasons give for others and own behavior • Situational attribution • Dispositional attribution LO3 Inaccurate and Distorted Perceptions • Selective perception • Forced consistency • Prejudice –Stereotypes –Discrimination LO3 LO4 Discuss how to increase the accuracy of our perception of self and others Improving Perceptions • • • • LO4 Question accuracy of perceptions. Use conscious processing. Seek more information. Realize perceptions will change over time. • Seek clarification by perception checking.