Time use study by gender in Europe, Spain and Andalucia: gender distribution of paid and unpaid work 2nd Global Forum on Gender Statistics Ghana, 26-28/01/2009 Prof. Paula Rodríguez Modroño University Pablo de Olavide Member of the group of experts for gender mainstreaming in the Andalusian Statistical Plan 2007-2010

RESEARCH ON TUS for the Andalusian Statistical Institute   Study on 15 EU countries that carried Eurostat harmonized TUS in 2000-2004 to compare the impact of different public policies and social systems on gender equality & female strategies.

Spanish and Andalusian case through microdata (including demographic & socioeconomic variables and all diary activities, also care work). Topics covered:       Employment & care economy Health & life cycle Leisure Education Travel & transport Gender gap between rural & urban areas

S

TARTING POINTS

Study the impact of public welfare sytems on gender equality

Time use studies allow us to measure unpaid work (including domestic activities) Public policies have different impacts on female options between paid & unpaid work

Female strategies vary by region depending on the level of the Welfare state, the development of the market economy and income levels, and the maintenance of traditional roles.

Different gender behaviors in labor markets due to work & life balance in all countries Threaten social sustainability • •

Low fertility rates Lack of autonomy: part-time jobs, low

•

activity rates Import of legal/ illegal labor

SUMMARY OF EU RESULTS:



Women and men confront different constraints and social determining factors that limit rationality in their choices; and thus, their freedom and capabilities.

 Women have a lower amount of free time, what undermines female capabilities, and thus their potential to develop them.

 As other studies show: “GENDER MATTERS” more than other differences such as income levels, education, employment rates, etc.

4 EU CLUSTERS:

 1.

2.

3.

4.

There are time use differences between EU countries due to different MIXED WELFARE ECONOMIES; and therefore, a different distribution among the

State, families and the market of the necessary

work to sustain the socioeconomic system.

 Variables used in this cluster analysis: fertility rates, female activity rates, part-time work, education, female political representation, working time (paid & unpaid), etc.

Social democrat countries (Norway & Sweden).

Conservative group (Belgium, France & Germany) + Finland & Great Britain.

Former Eastern European countries (Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia).

Mediterranean countries (Italy & Spain).

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Working time of women and men aged 20 to 74 years. Unit: hours and minutes per day

(Left bar: women; Right bar: men) 9:36 8:24 7:12 6:00 4:48 3:36 Gainful w ork Domestic w ork 2:24 1:12 0:00 Mean B E D E

BE DE

Belgium Germany

EE

Estonia

ES FR

Spain France U K F R E E L V

IT LV

Italy Latvia

LT

Lithuania

HU PL

Hungary Poland L T H U P L S I F I

SI FI

Slovenia Finland

SE

Sweden

UK NO

United Kingdom Norway Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

S E N O I T

AN

Andalusia E S A N

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Work total of employed women and men. Unit: hours and minutes per day

(Left bar: women; Right bar: men) 10:48 9:36 8:24 7:12 6:00 4:48 3:36 2:24 1:12 0:00 Mean Gainful w ork & study Domestic w ork B E D E U K F R E E L V L T H U P L S I F I S E N O I T E S A N

BE DE

Belgium Germany

EE ES

Estonia Spain

FR

France

IT LV LT HU PL

Italy Latvia Lithuania Hungary Poland Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

SI FI

Slovenia Finland

SE UK

Sweden United Kingdom

NO

Norway

AN

Andalusia

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Gainful work/study and care work activities of women aged 20 to 74

Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Gainful work/study and care work activities of men aged 20 to 74

Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

ANDALUSIAN CASE: AN UNEQUAL AND UNSUSTAINABLE SYSTEM Women Men Paid work Unpaid work Paid work Unpaid work Unpaid work= Domestic activities (household care work) + volunteer work (informal & formal)

ANDALUSIAN CASE: UNPAID WORK 5:45 4:48 3:50 2:52 1:55 0:57 0:00 5:09 2:08 4:46 1:24

Average social time in domestic work per day

TMP TMS

Average time of those who participate per day Monetary value of unpaid work

Salary per hour of domestic workers Average social time hours per year

Monetary value of domestic work of an average Andalusian person Women

9,01 € 1.739,83

15.676 € Men

9,6 € 511

4.906 €

CULTURAL CHANGES ARE SLOW: YOUNG PEOPLE IN SPAIN

 A continuity in traditional roles in time allocation among young women and men. Despite the advances in female human capital, labor market continues segregating workers by their gender, even in the latest incorporation of very educated young population.

 Young women, even before having reached the age of confronting the biggest problems in work & life balance (30 years old is the female average age of getting married & having the first child), spend less time than men in paid work and much more in non-paid work.

 These gender roles will affect their life choices, including their access to the labor market and female opportunities to grow professionally and personally. For example, in Andalucia when a man starts living in a couple reduces his domestic working time whereas women have to increase it considerably.

Participation rate in the following activities of young people under 25 in Spain

9 Travel & non-specified 8 Media 86 84 90 91 7 Hobbies & games 6 Sports & outdoor activities 30 42 37 43 5 Social life & entertainment 65 71 4 Volunteer work & meetings 7 7 3 Domestic work 2 Study 53 47 52 81 1 Employment 13 22 0 Personal care 100 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 % 60 70 80 90 Source: Spanish Time Use Survey, 2002-03 (IEA).

100 Women Men

Average social time allocation by adolescents from 10 to 17 years in Spain Wom en 10-17 years

3,2% 3,2% 8,6% 4,2% 6,8% 0,3% 0 Personal care 1 Employment 2 Study 3 Domestic w ork 4 Volunteer w ork & help 5 Social life & entertainment 6 Sports & outdoor activities 7 Hobbies & games 8 Media 9 Travel & unspecified time 5,4% 16,5% 0,1% 8,2%

Men 10-17 years

0 Personal care 1 Employment 2 Study 3 Domestic w ork 4 Volunteer w ork & help 7 Hobbies & games 8 Media 9 Travel & unspecified time 0,6% 5 Social life & entertainment 6 Sports & outdoor activities 2,5% 5,1% 5,1% 5,9% 15,5% 4,7% 1,0% 51,8% 51,4%

Changes in time use between adolescents (10 to 17) and young people from 18 to 25 inSpain (units: minutes)

180 120 Men Women 60 0

0 P so

-60

na l c ar e 1 E m pl oy m en t

-120

2 S 3 tu D dy om 4 es V ol tic un w te or 5 er S k w oc or ia k l l & ife h & el 6 e S p nt po er rt ta s in & m o en ut t do or a ct 7 iv H iti es ob bi es & g am es 9 Tr av el 8 & M u ed ns ia pe ci fie d tim e

Source: Spanish Time Use Survey, 2002-03 (IEA).

C

ONCLUDING

R

EMARKS      Main factor determining time use of EU citizens is: GENDER.

Women work more than men (work total = paid work + unpaid work) As more developed the society is, more equal is time allocation, however this advance is still unequal.

Female strategies vary by region depending on the level of the Welfare state, the development of the market economy and income levels, and the maintenance of traditional roles.

Childcare and care of elderly or dependents is mainly a

female activity, affecting women’s decisions to have children and to enter, stay or exit the labor market and the type of work they get (full-time /part-time).

LESSONS FOR TUS STUDIES

 Need for harmonized international TUS, so to do cross-cutting studies and analyze the impact of different public policies, as we do not have much historical data for longitudinal analysis.

 Periodical TUS: to capture evolution and cultural changes.

 Add other socioeconomic variables & indicators to be able to obtain a full view of how socially unsustainable our economic development is in terms of gender equity.



L

ESSONS FOR

P

UBLIC

P

OLICIES

Need to collect data and study all non-paid work (domestic, informal, volunteer) to be able to grasp real socio-economic systems.

 Need to invest an important effort (collecting information, budgets) in Gender equality and women’s empowerment, so that we can really reduce gender inequality.

 Key role of education to change social norms and traditional culture:  Male population  Young people

THANK YOU

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