Chapter 11 Review GENETICS Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring carrier When.
Download ReportTranscript Chapter 11 Review GENETICS Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring carrier When.
Chapter 11 Review GENETICS Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring carrier When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER like in A B blood type, it is called codominance _______________ Codominance incomplete dominance Another name for heterozygous hybrid The diagram at the right Punnett square is called a _____________ DOMINANT __________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele Trait determined by more than two alleles Multiple allele trait ALLELES _______________ are different gene choices for a trait. A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. capital (usually the first letter of the trait) When a heterozygous individual shows a blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called Incomplete dominance ___________ ____________. When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is HETEROZYGOUS or _____________ HYBRID _________________ Trait determined by a gene located on an X chromosome X-linked trait When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is HOMOZYGOUS or _____________ PURE _________________ (PURE-BREEDING) A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 trait is called a ____________ monohybrid cross. Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the F____ generation. 1 Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the F2 generation. ____ X or Y chromosomes that determine sex of an individual Sex chromosomes Molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self” and provides blood types glycoproteins Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome autosome The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has” genotype RECESSIVE __________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele Trait determined by two or more genes POLYGENIC trait Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell; joining of an egg and sperm Fertilization specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another; trait Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to selfpollinate PURE or PURE (TRUE) BREEDING Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits; Refers to organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt) HETEROZYGOUS or HYBRID The separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes SEGREGATION Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; also called sperm and egg cells GAMETES The random mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes when homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I to form gametes (sperm or egg cells) during meiosis INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT RECESSIVE __________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele Trait determined by two or more genes POLYGENIC trait A cross between heterozygous individuals with 2 traits is called a ____________ cross. dihybrid Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER like in A B blood type, it is called codominance _______________ Codominance incomplete dominance Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called ___________________. heredity Genetics _____________ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next. RECESSIVE = An allele __________________ that IS MASKED BY the presence of another allele The appearance of an organism is its _____________ phenotype Another name for heterozygous hybrid The diagram at the right Punnett square is called a _____________ DOMINANT __________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele Red and white flowers producing pink offspring is an example of Incomplete dominance _______________________ Codominance incomplete dominance A recessive gene is represented lower case by a _________________ letter. What phenotypic ratio would you expect to see in offspring from a monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents? 3:1 Dominant:recessive A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. capital (usually the first letter of the trait) When a heterozygous individual shows a blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called Incomplete dominance ___________ ____________. When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is HOMOZYGOUS or __________ PURE _______________ What phenotype ratio is a clue that there has been a dihybrid cross between 2 heterozygous parents? 9:3:3:1 R = red flowers r = white flowers Red An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT. pink An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT. BOTH An Rr organism would have ______________ red & white flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT. What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity? Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment The offspring of the P1 generation are called the ____ F1 generation Give an example of a trait that shows incomplete dominance flower color in Four o’clocks TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could be a blood donor for a person with Type AB blood. True; Type O is the universal donor When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is HETEROZYGOUS or _____________ HYBRID _________________ A cross that involves only 1 trait monohyrid is called a ____________ cross. T = Tall t = short The genotype of the offspring from the Tt cross at the right is _________. tall Their phenotype is _________. Which of the following genotypes is homozygous? TT TT Ww Bb rr mm BB rr mm BB Tt Another name for homozygous is pure ________. Which of these Punnett squares would you use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross? This one! In the cross at the right __________ red is dominant for flower color. Which of the following genotypes is from a heterozygous organism? Tt Tt SS bb Mm Mm Rr Rr kk DNA A gene is a segment of _______ that codes for a trait. The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment are the result of the movement of meiosis chromosomes during ___________ mitosis meiosis Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse. (Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called ___________________ Co-dominance What type of genotype is used to make a test cross? Homozygous recessive Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding. hemophilia In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). If a black Guinea pig is crossed with a brownGuinea pig and the litter contains a brown baby, the genotype of the black parent is probably BB Bb bb Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the F____ generation. 1 DNA A gene is a segment of ______. DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE L = Blue legs l = yellow legs An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this Blue trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT. green legs if An Rr organism would have ____________ this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT. BOTH An Rr organism would have ______________ Blue & yellow legs if this trait was CODOMINANT. Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the F2 generation. ____ A person with this type of blood could DONATE to A or AB Type __________blood In a monohybrid cross of two HETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would expect the offspring to be: 1 pp:3 PP 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp 3 Pp:1 pp all Pp Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type AB blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type ________ blood. AB This blood type is called the universal RECIPIENT _________________. Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type O blood. No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell. This blood type is called the universal _________________. DONOR Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ A or AB blood Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ B or AB blood Name another blood type you learned about besides the A,B,O system. Rh (positive and negative) Tell the molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self” and provides blood types glycoproteins G g G GG Gg g Gg gg The parents in this cross Heterozygous are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75 B b B b The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ bb The offspring in the blue box is homozygous heterozygous homozygous In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like B B B b B b B b B b b B b b b B This is the Correct setup Heterozygous = Bb Pure brown = bb homozygous Another name for pure is _________________ A o A B AA Ao The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance.. AB Bo The following statements are TRUE or FALSE? F F T T F T A is dominant over B. A & B are codominant O is dominant over A. O is recessive to both A & B A is dominant over O. B and A are co-dominant A is incompletely dominant over O. O is recessive to A and to B An organism has the genotype Xy. What are the possible sperm it can produce? ______ ______ X y THINK ABOUT IT: If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl? Father ; The mother always gives an X If the father gives a y, it’s a boy. If the father gives an X; it’s a girl. If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers. This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called __________. A. Dominant/recessive inheritance B. Co-dominance C. Incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance R r r Rr Rr r rr rr What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? (% and color) Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r) throats in Goonie birds. Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird. 50% red throats 50% white throats B b B BB Bb b Bb bb What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? (% and color) Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats. Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats. 75 % black eyes 25% red eyes The parents in this cross Homozygous are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______% 0% only ww makes it short Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism? TT Rr Ww Rr Ww bb XX Ss Ss What kind of cross is this? Pure dominant X pure recessive Heterozygous X heterozygous Heterozygous X homozygous Hybrid recessive X hybrid pure Heterozygous X Homozygous hybrid Another name for heterozygous is _______________ t t T T Tt Tt Tt Tt In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t). Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop. What is the probability the offspring 0% will have straight tails? All will be Curly tailed (Tt) What do we call the offspring of the F1 generation? F2 Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism? TT bb bb Rr Ww tt tt XX aa aa A a A a The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ homozygous heterozygous heterozygous How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic? ¾ (75%) – AA and Aa G g G g G is dominant for green pods. g is recessive for yellow pods. GG Gg gg What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box? What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box? Gg Green pods Which of the following is NOT TRUE? T Genotype determines phenotype T Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Genotype is the way the genes F make you look. T Organisms with different genotypes can have the same phenotype. Tt and TT both look tall What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P1 generation are called F1 ______ O O A B Ao Bo Ao Bo What are the probable blood types of the offspring? What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad? 50% Type A 50% Type B P p p P Pp Pp Pp Pp What will the offspring be like? (% and color) Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p). Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster. 100% purple What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster? P ? ? p pp Pp Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby a big P to be purple himself A o o Ao Ao A Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby. Fred in AA and Wilma is oo. What are the possible blood types of their baby? 100% will have A type blood A o o Ao Ao A Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby. Fred in AA and Wilma is oo. What are the possible blood types of their baby? 100% will have A type blood FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS Dominant OR Recessive In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are Dominant 9/16 are _______________ for both traits. Dominant for one trait and 3/16 are _____________ Recessive for the other. _____________ Recessive for both traits. 1/16 are _____________ How would you write a genotype of a male with an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia X hY ONLY FEMALES can be carriers of ________________ X-linked recessive traits only females only males Both males and females How would you write a genotype of a female who is a carrier for an Xlinked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia Xh X H Both males & females can be carriers of ________________ AUTOSOMAL recessive traits only females only males Both males and females What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P1 generation are called F1 ______ What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P1 generation are called F1 ______ A heterozygous person that does not show a recessive trait but carries the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring is called a _____________ carrier X-linked recessive disorder which causes a person to be unable to distinguish red and green colors colorblindness Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding. HEMOPHILIA Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about Colorblindness & hemophilia A B O blood groups are an Multiple allele example of a _______________ trait X-linked multiple allele polygenic Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about Colorblindness & hemophilia Give an example of a polygenic trait in humans Hair color, skin color, height, Intelligence . . . There are more! X-linked recessive traits show up males more frequently in ________ males females They don’t have a “back up” X Which combination of sex chromosomes do males have? XY Which parent determines the sex of a child? DAD – give X to daughters and Y to sons Which combination of sex chromosomes do females have? XX