Transcript SOC101Y Introduction to Sociology Professor Robert Brym Lecture #13 Global Inequality 23 Jan 13 Doggy Disco® Why not invite your dog and pals to party like rock stars.

SOC101Y
Introduction to Sociology
Professor Robert Brym
Lecture #13
Global Inequality
23 Jan 13
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Manila, Philippines
Cairo, Egypt
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Average Annual Income,
by Country, 2008
USA Germany France Italy UK Canada S. Korea Japan Brazil Others*
Half the world’s people have after-tax income below $1,225
a year. In contrast, a person with after-tax income of
$34,000+ per year is in the world’s top 1 percent of income
earners (= 60 million people). This graph shows how those
60 million people are distributed geographically.
= 1 million people
* Switzerland, Spain, Australia, Netherlands, Taiwan, Chile,
Singapore, etc.
Gross Domestic Product Per Person, SubSaharan Africa and High-Income Countries,
1975-2010
143% growth
11.6% shrinkage
Region
Note: Gross Domestic Product is the dollar value of goods and services produced in a region in a year. Data are
in 2005 dollars.
GDP Growth in 2000 Dollars,
1969-2008
The Chinese economy
was 27.2 times bigger
in 2008 than in 1969.
Growth in 30
00s of %
25
20
15
The Canadian economy
was 3.4 times bigger
in 2008 than in 1969.
10
5
USA
Canada
Brazil
India
China
0
Three Concepts of World Inequality
Gini Index of Inequality
Inequality of income for
each individual in the world
Inequality of average income for each country,
weighted for population size
Brazil
Inequality of average income for each country
Year
Note: A Gini index of 0 indicates that every income recipient receives exactly the same amount of income. A Gini
index of 1.0 indicates that a single income recipient receives all of the income. To put things in perspective, note
that the Gini index of inequality for individuals worldwide is about .70, while the Gini index for individuals in Brazil,
which has one of the highest levels of inequality of any country, is about .52.
Global Priorities, 2011 (in US$ billions)
Additional annual cost, basic education for everyone in the world
6.3
Additional annual cost, water and sanitation for everyone in the world
12.4
Annual dog and cat food sales, USA
18.6
Additional annual cost, reproductive health care for all women in the world 18.6
Additional annual cost, basic health and nutrition for everyone in the world 20.1
Annual global perfume sales
27.5
Annual TV advertising, USA
60.0
Annual global revenue, strip clubs
75.0
Annual global revenue, cocaine sales (2008)
88.0
Annual beer sales, USA
96.0
Annual global arms sales
1,700.0
Life Expectancy and Income,
200 Countries over 200 Years
http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/soc101y/brym/videos/200.m4v
Indicators of Gender Inequality
 Ratio of males to females in primary, secondary,
and tertiary education. The higher the ratio, the
higher the level of gender inequality.
 Men as a percent of parliamentarians in the lower
house (or the single house in unicameral political
systems). The higher the ratio, the higher the level
of gender inequality.
 Participation rate of women in the paid labour force.
The lower the rate, the higher the level of gender
inequality.
 Prevalence of female genital mutilation. The higher
the prevalence, the higher the level of gender
inequality.
Main Determinants of Gender Inequality
Worldwide: Multiple Regression Analysis
1. GDP per capita (-)
Effect of variation in percent
Muslim for countries matched on
economic development and former
2. Percent Muslim (+) communist regime
3. Former communist
regime (-)
Variation in
gender inequality
Modernization Theory
Global inequality results from inadequacies
in poor societies themselves, including
lack of:
 capital
 Western business techniques
 stable governments
 a Western mentality emphasizing savings,
investment, innovation, education, high
achievement, and self-control in having
children
Dependency Theory I
 For 250 years, the most powerful
countries in the world have impoverished
the least powerful countries as a matter of
state policy.
 Thus, the countries of the “Third World” or
“Global South” accounted for 73% of
world industrial production in 1750 but
only 7.5% in 1913; in 1913, the world’s 12
richest country accounted for 90% of
world industrial production.
Dependency Theory II
 Why? The Industrial Revolution enabled
Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Russia, and
the United States to amass enormous
wealth, which they used to establish
powerful armed forces to subdue and then
annex or colonize most of the rest of the
world between the middle of the 18th and
the middle of the 20th century.
 Main exception: Japan (considered less
valuable than China and India)
Dependency Theory III
Neo-colonialism established by creating a
system of dependency involving three
main elements:
 Substantial foreign investment
 Support for authoritarian governments
 Mounting debt
Core, Periphery and Semiperiphery
(Wallerstein)
 Core: major sources of capital and
technology (USA, Japan, Germany)
 Periphery: major sources of raw materials
and cheap labour (most former colonies)
 Semiperiphery: former colonies that are
making considerable headway in their
attempts to become prosperous (South
Korea, Taiwan, Singapore; Israel; more
recently, China, India, Brazil)
How Semi-Peripheral Countries
Differ from Peripheral Countries
Type of colonialism
 infrastructural support?
Geopolitical position
 helpful to USA?
State policy
 statist, pro-growth?
Social structure
 land reform; homogeneous?