Transcript EGYPT Ancient (OLD) Civilizations ANCIENT HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Ancient Egypt was the birthplace of one of the World’s greatest civilizations. It was far more advanced than European tribes.

EGYPT
Ancient (OLD) Civilizations
ANCIENT
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Ancient Egypt was the
birthplace of one of the
World’s greatest civilizations.
It was far more advanced than
European tribes of the same
time period, who were still in
the Stone Age.
Located in the northeast
corner of Africa, Egypt grew
to be an important
civilization for over three
hundred years because of the
Nile River.
Egypt was originally
divided into two kingdoms:
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.
PHARAOH
Pharaoh was believed
by the Egyptians to be
the supreme ruler chosen
by the gods to lead his
people. They believed
that when a man became
a pharaoh, he also
became a god. To keep
the bloodline of the gods
pure, pharaohs often
married their sisters,
mothers, and cousins.
A BIBLICAL OVERVIEW OF EGYPT
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Joseph, son of Jacob and Rachel, was the favorite child. His father
made him a coat of many colors. His brothers were jealous of him.
They were going to kill him, but sold him as a slave. He found
favor with the Pharaoh Potiphar. He interpreted dreams for the
Pharaoh. Joseph’s brothers came to Egypt to buy grain where they
ran into Joseph. They did not recognize him. He tested them and
revealed his identity. He forgave them for sending him away. He
said it was God who sent him to Egypt to save people’s lives.
When a new Pharaoh ruled Egypt, he was worried that the Israelites
would rise up against him. He decided that every baby boy should
be thrown into the Nile River. One woman was determined to save
her son. She kept the baby boy hidden for three months, then she
put him in a basket she had made and let him float down the river.
The Pharaoh’s daughter found the baby boy and called him Moses,
which means “pulled out or the water”.
Moses was commanded by God to ask the Pharaoh to release the
people of Egypt. He obeyed God’s command and asked Pharaoh to
let his people go. God knew that Pharaoh would deny the command
and he did. God sent ten plagues to Egypt to curse the land.
MAJOR TIME PERIODS OF EGYPT
 The Old Kingdom
When the pharaohs built
the pyramids
 The Middle Kingdom
When training and military explorers were
sent out to expand Egypt’s boundaries
 The New Kingdom
Ending with Queen Cleopatra losing her
land to Augustus Caesar and Rome
ACHIEVEMENTS
•Pyramids
There were about 80 along the banks of the Nile River.
The largest is the Great Pyramid, built by King Khufu in about 2600 B.C.
It stands about 481 feet high and covers 13 acres.
The pyramids functioned as huge burial tombs for the Egyptians’ dead
pharaohs and queens.
•Ship-building
They used the Nile River like a highway to transport people and goods to
foreign lands.
The first ships were made out of bundles of papyrus reeds tied together to
make a canoe-like vessel.
As the ship trade flourished, the hulls of the ships were made of cedar, and
oars and sails were added for greater speed.
•Hieroglyphics
These were pictures and symbols that served as one of the first written
languages in the world.
•Calendar
Calendars were developed in 4241 B.C. with 365 days in a year.
It was based on the flooding of the Nile River.
New Years was on June 1, not January 1!
VOCABULARY
1)
cartouche – a tablet with a border, used as a nameplate
2)
hieroglyphics – a sophisticated system of pictures and symbols
used in ancient Egypt to communicate information
3)
Nile River – river that runs through Egypt
4)
Ankh – a symbol for life after death
5)
pyramids – burial place for kings
6)
Pharaoh – Ruler of Egypt
7)
necropolis – the place of the burial tombs for the kings and the
wealthy
8)
papyrus – type of plant paper was made from
DAILY LIFE OF
WORKERS
 The poor worked long hours for goods that they could exchange in
the marketplace for the products they needed.
 Agriculture was a major trade and many workers were farmers.
 Boys learned a trade from their fathers, and girls were taught to
care for the home and family by their mothers.
 Women and girls wore straight, sheath-like dresses of rough,
unbleached linen.
 Men and boys wore short cloth kilts.
 Their homes were usually one-story made out of sun-dried brick.
There would be a basement and four rooms. They had little
furniture. Stairs led to the flat rooftop so that the family could
enjoy the cool night air after the sun went down.
DAILY LIFE OF THE WEALTHY
 Men were busy all day as merchants, trading along the Nile
River.
Others supervised the daily workings of gigantic farms.
 Many of the wealthiest and most powerful men in Egypt were
priests.
 Boys were taught to read and write.
 Women could own land, run businesses, testify in court, and
bring charges against men.
 Women oversaw the running of the households and gave the
servants instructions for daily menus and child care.
 Children were allowed much playtime. Girls practiced singing
and dancing. Boys wrestled and played army.
 Women and girls wore straight dresses of beautiful lined and a
lot of jewelry. At parties, they wore cones of incense on their
heads that melted slowly giving off a pleasant smell.
 Men and boys wore linen kilts
 Both men and women wore eye make-up made from black
ashes.
 Their homes were brick and wood containing many rooms, as
well as walled garden and a shrine for a favorite god.
LIFE AFTER DEATH
• The ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife of
beauty, peace, and contentment.
• Since most of their lives were filled with hard work,
they looked forward to death as a release from this
lifetime.
• They believed their souls would need to use their
bodies again, so the Egyptians invented a process to
embalm their bodies called mummification.
• Wealthy could afford better mummification than the
poor
STEPS IN MUMMIFICATION
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After the body was washed and covered with scented oils,
the liver and kidneys were removed and placed in jars that
would be put in the coffin later.
The brains were removed carefully, but the heart was left in
the body because they believed it was the mind and would
be needed immediately in the next life.
Then the body was wrapped in either linen or rough cotton
strips and a sticky tar-like mixture was poured over the
cloth strips forming a protective outer covering for the
body.
When the mixture hardened, the mummy was placed in a
wooden coffin, which was carved and painted to resemble a
person.
Then the mummy was laid in its tomb, along with many
objects the Egyptians thought it would need for daily use in
the next lifetime, such as tools, jewelry, furniture, religious
statues, and food.
PAINTING AND SCULPTURE
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Egyptians reached a highly advanced level of sculpture. Beautiful
figures sculpted from wood, ivory, bronze, gold, and turquoise have
been found in tombs.
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One of the most famous sculptures in the world is the head of
Queen Nefertiti.
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Another famous work of art is the Great Sphinx, a huge statue of a
man’s head on a lion’s body, which guards the pyramids near Giza.
KING TUT
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King Tut
Tutankhamen, or King Tut, for short was called “The Boy King”.
He became pharaoh when he was nine years old. During the year
1350 B.C.
He lived in a beautiful palace in the city of Thebes. He had
servants who did everything for him. They believed him to be a
god.
A typical day for him began in the audience chamber of his palace,
where he sat on a throne of gold, silver, and jewels, and wore a
heavy gold headpiece shaped like a flame. Ambassadors from
foreign countries came to bow before him and bring him riches.
Egyptians came to him to settle their disputes. He led his people in
a three-hour a day worship ceremony. He had a formal dinner in
the evening, then visited with his wife, Ankheshamen, who was two
years younger than he.
King Tut died when he was only nineteen years old. No one really
knows if he died from an accident, illness, or his enemies. His
burial chamber was found by Britain's Howard Carter in 1922. The
treasures of King Tut’s tomb can be seen today in Cairo, Egypt.
KARIM ASHMAWY
Nobel Public School ,Cairo
www.makemegenius.com
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