Apologetics

Tobias England

objective

Based on observable phenomena; having reality independent of the mind.

subjective

Proceeding from or taking place in a person’s mind rather than the external world.

Fact or Opinion?

Jane Sally

Sally’s hair is longer than Jane’s.

Fact or Opinion?

Jane Sally

Sally’s hair looks better than Jane’s.

Characteristics of a subjective statement:

•It is not universally true •It can not be proven •Is based on belief

10

Characteristics of an objective statement:

•It is either true or false •Often could be proven •Is based on facts

Truth

That which corresponds to its object.

The truth about truth:

•

Truth is discovered, not invented.

The truth about truth:

•

Truth is discovered, not invented.

•

Truth is transcultural.

•

Truth is unchanging.

•

Beliefs cannot change a fact.

The truth about truth:

•

Truth is discovered, not invented.

•

Truth is transcultural.

•

Truth is unchanging.

•

Beliefs cannot change a fact.

•

Truth is not affected by the attitude of the one professing it.

The “Road Runner” tactic

Question: How do we identify and refute self defeating statements?

The “Road Runner” tactic

Answer: Point out that a self defeating claim has no ground to stand on.

The “Road Runner” tactic

…applied to the skeptical claim, “There is no truth.” “Is that true?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“All truth is relative.” “Is that a relative truth?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“That’s true for you but not for me.” “Is that true for everybody?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“There is no truth in religion, only science.” “Is that a scientific truth?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“Nobody has the truth.” “How do you know that is true?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“Everything is meaningless.” “What do you mean?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“You should doubt everything.” “Should I doubt that?”

The “Road Runner” tactic

“You ought not judge.” “Isn’t that a judgment?”

Law of Non-Contradiction

The opposite of true is false

Law of Non-Contradiction

The Muslim philosopher Avicenna suggested that anyone who denies the Law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned.

Two main goals for the saved:

•To confirm and solidly the faith of the believer. (I Timothy 4) •To prepare the believer to witness more (II Timothy 2:1-2)

Reasons an unsaved man rejects Biblical truth:

•Religion: II Timothy 3:5-9 •Philosophy: Colossians 2:8 •Science: I Timothy 6:20

Why every Christian should be an apologist

1. Reason demands it.

2. People need it.

3. God commands it.

Apologetics in the Bible

1. We are commanded to defend the Christian faith. (I Peter 3:15) 2. We are commanded to refute false ideas about God. (II Cor. 10:5) 3. We are commanded to discern true spirits from false. (I John 4:1) 4. Jesus corrected error. (Matthew 22:29)

Apologetics in the Bible

5. Jesus refuted false teachings. (Matthew 15:6-9) 6. Paul reasoned with people. (Acts 17:16-17) 7. Paul refuted those who opposed the truth. (Titus 1:9) 8. We are commanded to rebuke false teachers. (Titus 1:13)

Apologetics in the Bible

9. Paul defended the gospel. (Philippians 1:7) 10.We are to contend for the faith. (Jude 3)

Cosmological Argument

Cause and effect. Every effect has a cause.

In this argument, God is sometimes called the “uncaused Cause”

Teleological Argument

This is an argument from design.

Commonly illustrated by a watch.

Anthropological Argument

All people possess a moral impulse.

Since morality is not always rewarded in this life, it must have some basis outside of this life.

Ontological Argument

Man has a universal belief in god.

Class Project

• • • • • • • • • • • • Problem of evil Existence of God Nature of truth Authority of scriptures (

sola scriptura)

Pluralism Faith and reason Word of God (King James Bible) Sanctity of life Ecclesiastical separation Geocentric solar system Female Clergy Gay marriage

Kalam Argument

• • • Everything that begins to exist has a cause.

The universe began to exist.

The universe has a cause.

Systems of Theology

1. Atheism- There is not God.

2. Agnosticism- The existence of God cannot be known.

3. Deism- God created the universe but now is uninvolved.

4. Pantheism- God is the universe and the universe is God.

5. Polytheism- Many gods.

Systems of Theology

6. Humanism- Man is his own god.

7. Monotheism- There is one true eternal being who created and sustains the universe.

God’s Nature

• • • The cause of matter must be immaterial.

The cause of time must be eternal.

The cause of space must be unlimited.

Religion is Universal

Religion has existed in every society, from the most primitive to the most culturally advanced. The more keys modern science find with which to open the locked doors of the past, and the more evidence there is that all these societies in the past had one thing in common – some form of religion.

–Joseph Gaer, professor of literature at UC Berkeley

First Principles: “What We Can’t Not Know”

First Principles

1. Being is (B is)

Principle of Existence

2. Being is Being (B is B)

Principle of Identity

3. Being is not non-Being (B is not non-B)

Principle of non-contradiction

4. Either Being or non-Being (B or non-B)

Principle of the excluded middle

5. Non-Being can not cause Being (non-B > B)

Principle of Causality

6. Contingent Being can not cause contingent Being (Bc > Bc)

Principle of Contingency

7. Only necessary Being can cause contingent Being (Bn g Bc)

The Positive Principle of Modality

First Principles

8. Necessary Being can not cause necessary Being (Bn > Bn)

The negative principle of modality

9. Every contingent being is caused by a necessary Being (Bn g Bc)

The principle of existential causality

10.Necessary Being exists (Bn)

Principle of existential necessity

11.Contingent Being exists (Bc)

Principle of existential contingency

12.Necessary Being is similar to contingient Being it causes (Bn – similar g Bc)

Principle of Analogy

First Principles Applied:

1.

2.

Something exists (e.g., I do) (no. 1).

I am a contingent being (no. 11).

3.

4.

Nothing cannot cause something (no. 5).

Only a Necessary Being can cause a contingent being (no. 7).

5.

Therefore, I am caused to exist by a Necessary Being (follows from nos. 1 –4).

6.

But I am a personal, rational, and moral kind of being (since I engage in these kinds of activities).

7.

Therefore, this Necessary Being must be a personal, rational, and moral kind of being, since I am similar to him by the Principle of Analogy (no. 12).

First Principles Applied:

8.

But a Necessary Being cannot be contingent (i.e., not-necessary) in its being which would be a contradiction (no. 3).

9.

Therefore, this Necessary Being is personal, rational, and moral in a necessary way, not in a contingent way.

10. This Necessary Being is also eternal, uncaused, unchanging, unlimited, and one, since a Necessary Being cannot come to be, be caused by another, undergo change, be limited by any possibility of what it could be (a Necessary Being has no possibility to be other than it is), or to be more than one Being (since there cannot be two)

First Principles Applied:

11.Therefore, one necessary, eternal, uncaused, unlimited (= infinite), rational, personal, and moral being exists.

Quoted from Norman L. Geisler, Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics, Baker reference library (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1999), 253.

Francis Collins, MD

The God of the Bible is also the God of the genome. He can be worshiped in the cathedral or in the laboratory. His creation is majestic, awesome, intricate, and beautiful… page 211

Science is not threatened by God; it is enhanced. God is most certainly not threatened by science; He made it all possible. page 233

Are Miracles Possible?

A miracle is a special act of God that interrupts the natural course of events.

Is the Bible the Word of God?

An accurate copy of a true account is true.

Is the Bible the Word of God?

1. Jesus died by Roman crucifixion 2. He was buried, most likely in a private tomb.

3. Soon afterwards the disciples were discouraged, bereaved, and despondent, having lost hope.

4. Jesus tomb was found empty very soon after his interment.

5. The disciples had experiences that they believed 6.

were actual appearances of the risen Jesus.

Due to these experiences, the disciples’ lives were thoroughly transformed. They were even willing to die for their belief.

7. The proclamation of the Resurrection took place very early, from the beginning of church history.

Is the Bible the Word of God?

8.

The disciple’s public testimony and preaching of the Resurrection took place in the city of Jerusalem, where Jesus had been crucified and buried shortly before.

9. The Gospel message centered on the preaching of the death and resurrection of Jesus.

10. Sunday was the primary day for gathering and worshiping.

11. James, the brother of Jesus and a skeptic before this time, was converted when he believed he also saw the risen Jesus.

12. Just a few years later, Saul of Tarsus (Paul) became a Christian believer, due to an experience that he also believed was an appearance of the risen Jesus.

Is the Bible the Word of God?

The New Testament is not a legend.

The temple was destroyed in 70 AD and no mention is made in the New Testament.

Is the Bible the Word of God?

The New Testament is not a lie.

• • Embarrassing details in the New Testament: Women discovered the tomb. Mark 16 The disciples didn’t believe. Matthew 28:16

Diocletian

Extincto Nomine Christianorum

Extinct is the name of Christians.

Voltaire

“It took twelve men to start Christianity. One will destroy it.”

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then…1022 stars (Hippocrates) Science now… 10 22 stars (10,000 million million million) Bible…the number of stars are innumerable Jeremiah 33:22

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then… earth upheld by elephants or the Greek god Atlas.

Science now… earth is surrounded by empty space an orbits the sun.

Bible… He hangs the earth on nothing. Job 26:7

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then… Water flows into the oceans through rainfall and rivers only.

Science now… springs in the ocean discovered in the 1970’s Bible… there are springs in the sea. Job 38:16

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then… did not understand the importance of washing with running water.

Science now… because of bacteria, washing with running water critical.

Bible… when dealing with disease, wash with running water. Leviticus 15:13

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then… did not understand the need for sanitation Science now… sanitation critical to minimizing the spread of disease Bible… quarantining, burying human waste, and use of hyssop as an antibacterial agent. Leviticus 13:45-46, Deuteronomy 23:12-13

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then… safest time of circumcision unknown.

Science now… 8 th day the peak for clotting agent prothrobin. Bible… circumcise on the 8 th Genesis 17:12 day

Is the Bible the Word of God?

Scientific Accuracy

• • • Science then… earth is flat.

Science now… earth is spherical. Bible… Hebrew word for sphere is used in Isaiah 40:12.

The Bible and Archeology

•

Many names and places in the Old Testament have traditionally been doubted because there was a lack of supporting evidence.

•

In the 1970 several discoveries in Syria proper names, places, and words used in the Genesis account.

Note to self: Research Jericho, Ninevah

The Bible and Archeology

•

The existence of Assyrian king Sargon has traditionally been in doubt. However, when his palace was discovered in Iraq, the very event written about in Isaiah 20 was recorded on it’s walls.

The Bible and Archeology

•

There were two “problems” with Belshazzar in Daniel 5.

•

The last known king of Babylon was Nabonidus.

•

If he were king, why would he make Daniel

third

in the kingdom and reading the handwriting? (5:16)

The Tower of Babel

•

The Biblical account: Genesis 11:1-9

The Tower of Babel

•

Ancient legends:

Central America: And as men were thereafter multiplying they constructed a very high and strong Zacualli, which means “a very high tower” in order to protect themselves when again the second world should be destroyed. At the crucial moment their languages were changed, and as they did not understand one another, they went into different parts of the world. (Reference: Don Fernando de Alvara Ixtlilxochitl, Obras Historicas Mexico, 1891, Vol. I, p. 12 .)

The Tower of Babel

•

Ancient legends:

Polynesia: “But the god in anger chased the builders away, broke down the building, and changed their language, so that they spoke divers tongues.” (Reference: R. W. Williamson, Religious and Cosmic Beliefs of Central Polynesia Cambridge, 1933, vol. I, p. 94.)

Flood

Africa Southwest Tanzania Once upon a time the rivers began to flood. The god told two people to get into a ship. He told them to take lots of seed and to take lots of animals. The water of the flood eventually covered the mountains. Finally the flood stopped. Then one of the men, wanting to know if the water had dried up let a dove loose. The dove returned. Later he let loose a hawk which did not return. Then the men left the boat and took the animals and the seeds with them.

Flood

Asia China The Chinese classic called the Hihking tells about "the family of Fuhi," that was saved from a great flood. This ancient story tells that the entire land was flooded; the mountains and everything, however one family survived in a boat. The Chinese consider this man the father of their civilization. This record indicates that Fuhi, his wife, three sons, and three daughters were the only people that escaped the great flood. It is claimed, that he and his family were the only people alive on earth, and repopulated the world.

Flood

Europe Greece A long time ago, perhaps before the golden age was over, humans became proud. This bothered Zeus as they kept getting worse. Finally Zeus decided that he would destroy all humans. Before he did this Prometheus, the creator of humans, warned his human son Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha. Prometheus then placed this couple in a large wooden chest. The rains started and lasted nine days and nights until the whole world was flooded. The only thing that was not flooded was the peaks of Mount Parnassus and Mount…

Flood

Europe Greece …Olympus. Mount Olympus is the home of the gods. The wooden chest came to rest on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha got out and saw that everything was flooded. They lived on provisions from the chest until the waters subsided. At Zeus' instruction they re-populated the earth.

Beta…

•

Ancient legends:

Ossuary of Caiaphas

“Pilate Inscription” in Caesarea

Early writing: The temple

• • • None of the gospels mention the destruction of the temple • • • Jesus prophesied the destruction of the temple.

Luke 21:6 Matthew 24:1 Mark 13:1 Matthew was traditionally believed to be the first gospel written. Some scholars now believe Mark preceded Mathew, but we don’t know for sure. We do know that Ignatius quoted Matthew, and he died in 115 AD. Probably was written between 50 and 70 AD.

Early writing: The temple

• • • • Mark was not one of the original disciples of Christ, but was in fact Peter’s protégé. Often considered the earliest.

Luke was written before Acts. Acts does not • • • • include Death of James 62 AD Death of Paul in 64 AD Persecution of Nero in 64 AD Death of Peter 65 AD Hebrews speaks of the temple offerings in the present tense (Hebrews 5:1-3; 7:27) James, written by the brother of Jesus, died in 61 AD

• • •

Early writing: Embarrassing

Women found the tomb Disciples didn’t get Christ’s prophecies concerning the resurrection, though the high priest did.

Church started in Jerusalem, the last place one would have expected it to if a fraud.

Internal Evidence: Prophecy

1. The prophecy must be made before the event prophesied. Otherwise it is only history.

2. The people who fulfill prophecies must either be unaware, or in circumstances out of their control.

3. Prophecy must be specific. True prophecies would likely contain names, places, and times.

4. Fulfilling of a prophecy must be obvious.

Internal Evidence: Prophecy

1. According to Dr. Hugh Ross, the Bible contains 2.

about 2,500 prophecies, of which 2,000 have been fulfilled to the letter.

No other “scriptures” can compare either in number or detail with Biblical prophecies.

Fulfilled Prophecy

The “acid test” for identifying a true prophet of God can be found in Deuteronomy 18:21-22. There was no room for error.

The Magi…

του δε ιησου γεννηθεντος εν βηθλεεμ της ιουδαιας εν ημεραις ηρωδου του βασιλεως ιδου μαγοι απο ανατολων παρεγενοντο εις ιεροσολυμα Matthew 2:1

Scrivener's

Fulfilled Prophecy

1. Micah 5:2 prophecies where Christ would be born. This is fulfilled in Matthew 2:5 2. The crucifixion was described in Zechariah 12:10 and in Psalm 22 3. One hundred and fifty years before Cyrus was born, and 180 years before the prophesied acts, Isaiah was given the following prophecy: Isaiah 44:28; 45:1, 13.

4. Joshua 6:26 gives a sentence to anyone who would rebuild Jericho. This was fulfilled in Hiel, I Kings 16:33-34.

A More Sure Word

1. This issue affects fundamental doctrine 2. Taking a different position does not necessarily make a man a heretic 3. There are good people and non-discerning speech on both sides of the debate 4. Both sides have difficult questions.

5. Both sides have been characterized by intemperate speech.

6. Few people have studied this issue carefully.

7. Taking either extreme position is dangerous.

Understanding the Terms

1. Revelation-

God giving that which is previously unknown or unknowable.

2. Inspiration

- God recording His Word through human writers.

3. Preservation-

God kept His Word

4. Illumination-

God clarifies His Word

5. Translation-

God uses man to render His Word.

6. Canonization-

God’s people recognize His Word.

Terms: Revelation

1. It is possible to have revelation without having • inspiration. Daniel 12:4

But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.

2. It is possible to have inspiration without having • • revelation. Genealogies Sources used. I Kings 14:19

And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, how he warred, and how he reigned, behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel.

Terms: Inspiration

Few if any Bible believers take issue with the doctrine of inspiration. However, this term can be used to mean different things:

Natural Genius

would have us believe that the Word of God is inspired in the sense that other great literature is.

Other claim that

some

of the Bible is inspired. The ASV translated II Timothy 3:16 “Every scripture inspired of God is also profitable for teaching…”

Terms: Inspiration

We believe in the

verbal, plenary

inspiration of God’s Word.

Verbal:

every word is inspired. “All

script

ure is given by inspiration of God…”

Plenary

: Every word is equally inspired.

Terms: Canonization

Much was written by ancient, Godly Christians that is not part of the Bible. How is this decided?

1) Is this written by an apostle or someone who had direct contact with the apostles?

2) Were the writings in question consistent with the teachings of the Old Testament, Christ, and the apostles?

3) Are these letters recognized as authoritative in nature by the churches and is that authority of God.

Terms: Preservation

Two reasons for our belief in preservation: 1) Logical: Why would God give us an inspired Word and not preserve it? What good would it do?

2) Biblical: God gave direct and indirect promises to preserve His Word II Timothy 3:16

Terms: Canonization

Much was written by ancient, Godly Christians that is not part of the Bible. How is this decided?

1) Is this written by an apostle or someone who had direct contact with the apostles?

2) Were the writings in question consistent with the teachings of the Old Testament, Christ, and the apostles?

3) Are these letters recognized as authoritative in nature by the churches and is that authority of God.

Kinds of Documents

Papyri 1. About 100 manuscripts 2. Most date from before 300 AD 3.

Many of these are “Alexandrian”

Kinds of Documents

Majuscules 1. Written on sheepskin 2. Used all capital letters 3. We have nearly 300 of these, mainly Byzantine.

Kinds of Documents

Miniscules 1. Written in cursive, lower-cap letters.

2. Some on parchment, but most of these are on paper 3. There are about 2,800 of these, and they are 90% Byzantine

Kinds of Documents

Lectionaries 1. Were parts of the scripture for public reading at church services 2. There are well over 2,000 of these, and they are mainly Byzantine.

The Received Text

D. A. Waite on page 56 of his book

Defending the King James Bible

gave the following statistics: Received Text Papyrus Fragments 75 Uncials 258 Cursives Lectionaries

Total

2,741 2,143

5,217

99%

Critical Text 13 9 23 0

45

1%

Text families

1) Byzantine. This is the vast majority of the manuscripts. However, many of these are somewhat later if origin.

2) Alexandrian. This is where we get the critical text. There are vastly fewer, though they are often assumed to me older.

3) Western. A minority of early texts, often grouped with Byzantine.

Wescott-Hort Textual Criticism

1) Shorter Reading 2) More Difficult Reading 3) Oldest Manuscripts

Theological Reasons

• Many new translations are dangerous because of the bias of the translators.

RSV Isaiah 7:14

Behold a young woman shall conceive and bear a son.

KJV Isaiah 7:14

A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son.

Today’s English Version replaces the word “blood” with “death” throughout the New Testament. (Colossians 1:20, Hebrews 10:10, Rev. 1:5)

Textual Reasons

• A good translation of a bad text is a bad translation.

Philosophical Reasons

• •

Formal Equivalence:

an approach that seeks to express in English the meaning of the Greek words.

Dynamic Equivalence

: an approach that seeks to express the meaning of the passage in English.

“In an example of ‘dynamic translation’ of Scripture run amuck, the Wycliffe Bible Society recommended Bible translators in Muslim areas omit the term ‘Son of God.’ They worried that this name of Christ (used over 30 times in the Gospels) would offend the Muslim people. The SBC International Missions board responded, ‘It is best in all cases to translate ‘Son of God’ as ‘Son of God.”” -

The Baptist Voice,

Winter 2012

Philosophical Reasons

• Job 36:33

The noise thereof showeth concerning it, the cattle also concerning the vapour. (KJV)

• Job 36:33

His thunder announces the coming storm; even the cattle make known its approach. (NIV)

Philosophical Reasons

• Job 36:33

He showesth by it to his friend substance, Anger against perversity. (YLT)

• Job 36:33

Its crashing declares concerning him, who is jealous with anger against iniquity. (RSV)

• Job 36:33

The High God roars in the thunder, angry against evil. (The Message)

Practical Reasons

• Having one standard avoids confusion.

The Old Testament

1. Jewish division of the Law, Prophets, and Writings 2. Dead Sea Scrolls • 15,000 fragments • • As old as 150 BC Illustrates textual purity of the Old Testament

Doctrine of Verbal Inspiration

1. II Timothy 3:16 2. II Peter 1:20-21 3. I Thessalonians 14:37 4. Exodus 24:4 5. Jeremiah 30:2

Was Christ Real?

“The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as the Messiah, who preached the ethic of the Kingdom of God, who founded the Kingdom of Heaven upon earth, and died to give His work its final consecration, never had any existence. He is a figure designed by rationalism, endowed with life by liberalism, and clothed by modern theology in an historical garb.” -Albert Schweitzer

Who was Jesus?

• • • • • • • • • • Jesus claimed to be equal with God- John 5:17-18 He used terms to describe Himself as God. John 8:58; 18:4-7 Jesus said He was one with the Father. Jn. 10:30 Jesus is referred to as God. John 1:1, 14, 18; Romans 9:5; Titus 2:13 Is called the Son of God. Mt. 8:29; Mark 1:1; Lk 1:35 Is called Lord, Mt. 22:43-45; Luke 2:11; Acts 9:17 Jesus claims to forgive sin, Mark 2:9-11 Received worship. John 20:28; Mt. 2:11; Heb. 1:5-9 Was called “The Holy One of God”, Mark 1:24 Fulfilled prophecies.

Hostile Witness

Thallus (AD 5-60)

After writing of the crucifixion of Christ, he offered this account of the darkens observed at the time of Jesus’ death: “On the whole world there pressed a most fearful darkness; and the rocks were rent by an earthquake, and many places in Judea and other districts were thrown down. This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his

History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun.”

Hostile Witness

Josephus (AD 37-100)

“At this time there was a wise man who was called Jesus. His conduct was good, and [he] was known to be virtuous. And many people from among the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. And those who had become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his crucifixion and that he was alive; accordingly, he was perhaps the Messiah concerning whom the prophets have recounted wonders.

”

Hostile Witness

Tacitus (AD 56-117)

“Nero fabricated scapegoats—and punished with every refinement the notoriously depraved Christians (as they were popularly called). Their originator, Christ, had been executed in Tiberius’ reign by the governor of Judea, Pontius Pilatus. But in spite of this temporary setback the deadly superstition had broken out afresh, not only in Judea (where the mischief had started) but even in Rome.”

Hostile Witness

Mara Bar-Serpapion (AD 70-unknown)

“What advantage did the Jews gain from executing their wise King? It was just after that that their kingdom was abolished.”

Hostile Witness

The Jewish Talmud (fifth century)

“It was taught: On the day before the Passover they hanged Jesus. A herald went before him for forty days (proclaiming), ‘He will be stoned, because he practiced magic and enticed Israel to go astray. Let anyone who knows anything in his favor come forward and plead for him.’ But nothing was found in his favor, and they hanged him on the day before the Passover”

Hostile Witness

“Because good evidence supports the conclusion that the Gospels reflect early sources about the life and death of Jesus, one can assume that if the Gospel writers had departed from the historical facts (either by exaggeration or outright invention), hostile witnesses conversant with the events of Jesus’s life could have and would have exposed the untruths. As textual scholar F. F. Bruce writes, it could not have been easy “to invent words and deeds of Jesus in those early years, when so many of His disciples were about, who could remember what had and had not happened.”

– Ken Samples

“

Skeptics must provide more than alternative theories to the Resurrection; they must provide first century evidence for those theories.”

-Gary Habermas

False Theories of the Resurrection

1. The swoon theory (also Resuscitation Theory).

2. The Hallucination Theory 3. The Impersonation Theory 4. Spiritual Resurrection Theory 5. Theft Theory 6. Unknown Tomb Theory

Proofs of the Resurrection

• • • •

We are certain that Jesus died…

By what He said The witness of the Roman Centurion The piercing of Jesus’ side The abuse of Jesus’ body before and during the crucifixion

Proofs of the Resurrection

• • •

We are certain of His burial…

The preparation of the body for burial The Tomb The Seal and Watch

Proofs of the Resurrection

• • • •

We are certain of an empty tomb…

The moving of the stone The placement of the grave clothes Unbelief and fear of the disciples Cover up of His enemies

Proofs of the Resurrection

• • •

We are certain of the believer’s actions…

The preparation of the body for burial The Tomb The Seal and Watch

Plagiarism Defined

Plagiarism: A piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work. ( princeton.edu

)

Plagiarism Defined

As dealt with in WCBC Information Handbook:

Plagiarism is defined as: a) representing as the student’s own the words or unique thoughts of another; or b) failing to differentiate accurately material original with the student from that obtained from other sources… Cyber-plagiarism is defined as downloading from the Internet or other electronic sources, information or term papers that are submitted as the student’s own work.

Plagiarism Penalty

• • • •

From least severe to most severe, any or all of these may be applied: 25 demerits Loss of credit on assignment Automatic failure of course Expulsion

Institutionalization

Defined: When information associations evolve into formal ones.

Jesus claimed to be God.

His claims were false His claims were true He is God I can ACCEPT I can REJECT 1. II Timothy 3:16 1. II Timothy 3:16

Institutionalization

Formalization* Self-Maintenance* Traditionalization*