Transcript EBOLA, 2014: ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC Dr. Sheila Smith Mckoy • Associate Professor of English • Director Africana Studies • focuses on the relationships between Africa.

EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
Dr. Sheila Smith Mckoy
• Associate Professor of English
• Director Africana Studies
• focuses on the relationships between
Africa and African diaspora countries
and cultures.
• Focuses on indigenous knowledge,
especially as it relates to issues related
to health and healing rituals.
Ebola: Race, Place and the 2014
Outbreak
• The place of Africana Studies in intervening in the Ebola
epidemic
• “Traditional African Burial Practices” and the spread of
the epidemic
• The impact of medical experimentation on Africans
• The mythology of the West as the savior of Africa:
Uganda and Blood Transfusions
• Media coverage in the West: weaponization, monetization
and the impact of panic
Debunking Media Generated Myths
• Ebola was caused by “unusual contact” between humans and
animals.
Guinea
Patient Zero: Emile Ouamouno, 2 years old, Southern
• All Africans have the potential of having Ebola
Nigerian students denied admission to Navarro College, a community college
near Dallas, denies admission to “international students from countries with
confirmed Ebola disease.”
• Ebola can become airborne.
• Anyone with Ebola knows that they are infected.
Ebola and Marsburg: A Critical
Connection
Marburg(1967) and Ebola (1976), a critical link
(http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/distributionmap.html)
History of Ebola Outbreaks: CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chro
nology.html
#AFS_Ebola 2014
The Ebola Epidemic
Brittany Brown
Kiera McCarter
Why Ebola?
● Perspectives
● Race and class
● Health disparities
o
“Differences in the incidence, prevalence,
mortality, and burden of diseases and other
adverse health conditions that exist among
specific population groups…” (Nat’l Cancer
Institute)
Interview First Impressions
● Positive perspective
on Africa
● Negative media
exposure
● Recognition of
vastness and wealth
of the continent and
its resources
Interviews Cont’d
● General Fears
o
o
Panic/ hysteria
Epidemic Proportions
● Proposed Solutions
o
o
● Causes
o
o
Lack of education
Poor Infrastructure
o
Healthcare
Border Control
▪
quarantine
▪
travel inspection
Education and
Resources
What is Ebola?
● Ebola Virus Disease (EVD),
previously known as Ebola
Hemorrhagic Fever is a rare and
deadly disease caused by
infection with one of the Ebola
virus strains.
● The virus can cause disease in
human and nonhuman primates
(gorillas, chimpanzees,
monkeys).
● Family
o Filoviridae
● Genus
o Ebolavirus
● Found in several African
countries.
● Five strains of ebolavirus
o Zaire Strain
● All but one occur in animal
hosts native to Africa.
Thomas Eric Duncan
● 9/20- Duncan comes to the
United States from Liberia to visit
family.
● 9/26- Duncan goes to Texas
Health Presbyterian Hospital.
● 9/28- Two days later he goes back
to the hospital.
● 9/30- Duncan is diagnosed and
quarantined.
● 10/4- He is given an experimental
treatment, the antiviral drug
Brincidofovir.
● 10/8- Duncan dies.
Nina Pham
Surviving American Ebola Patients
● Kent Brantley
● Nancy Writebol
● Dr. Rick Sacra
● Ashoka Mupko
● Amber Vinson
● Nina Pham
• Dr. Craig Allen Spencer
Deceased
Thomas Eric Duncan
Dr. Martin Salia
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
Peter Cowen, DVM, PhD
• NC State Veterinary Medicine
Epidemiology and Public
Health
• First commissioned veterinary
officer in the United States
Public Health Service and
former Assistant Surgeon
General, James Harlan Steele.
• Animal Diseases Moderator
with ProMED-mail,
EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE 2014
Anatomy of Outbreak – A Failure of Global
Health
❑ “I
wish I could say with confidence that in 10 years’ time we will
not be where we are now with Ebola. But the countries have
totally lost control of what is going on. If you go to Sierra Leone
or Liberia today, there must be at least 10 international groups
there. At the end of this epidemic, everybody will pack their
bags and leave. The African countries will be left not really
knowing what has happened to them. Like someone hit them
smack in the face, totally disoriented. There will be millions of
scandals about how money was misspent and so on. We will
focus on those and move on. Ten years from now, people will
have forgotten that there was Ebola and we will be back to
where we started.” Oyewale Tomori, DVM, PhD Renown Nigerian Virologist
❑
http://news.sciencemag.org/africa/2014/11/nigerian-virologist-delivers-scathing-analysis-africas-response-ebola
Dr. Peter Cowen Population
Health and Pathobiology
Department – College of
Veterinary Medicine NCSU
Ebola Virus
virus – bats the most likely reservoir, although
species unknown
❑Zoonotic
❑Spillover
event from infected wild animals (e.g., fruit bats,
monkey, duiker) to humans, followed by human-human
transmission
17
Ebola Virus
Prototype Viral Hemorrhagic
Fever Pathogen
▪ Filovirus: enveloped,
non-segmented, negativestranded RNA virus
▪ Severe disease with high
case fatality
▪ Absence of specific treatment
or vaccine
❑>20
previous Ebola and
Marburg virus outbreaks
❑2014
West Africa Ebola
outbreak caused by
Zaire ebolavirus species
(five known Ebola virus
species)
18
Table ebola outbreaks,2014 (by
who)
1. DRC
• 24 cases,13 deaths.
2. Guinea
• 607 cases,406 deaths.
3. Liberia
• 1082 cases,624 deaths.
4. Nigeria
• 16 cases, 5 deaths.
5. Sierra leone
• 910 cases, 392 deaths.
DRC= democratic Republic of Congo
2014 Ebola Outbreak, West Africa
WHO Ebola Response Team. N Engl J Med 2014. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411100
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100?query=featured_ebola#t=articleResults
20
EVD Cases
Reporting
and
Date
Deaths*
Total Cases
Confirmed
Cases
Total Deaths
Guinea
9 Nov 14
1,878
1,612
1,142
Liberia
8 Nov 14
6,822
2,553
2,836
Sierra Leone
9 Nov 14
5,368
4,523
1,169
Nigeria**
15 Oct 14
20
19
8
Spain
27 Oct 14
1
1
0
Senegal**
15 Oct 14
1
1
0
United States
24 Oct 14
4
4
1
Mali
9 Nov 14
4
2
4
14,098
8,715
5,160
TOTAL
Updated case counts available at http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html.
*Reported by WHO using data from Ministries of Health
**The outbreaks of EVD in Senegal and Nigeria were declared over on October 17 and 19, respectively
.
21
Detection of Ebola Virus in Different
Human Body Fluids over Time
23
Interim Guidance for Monitoring and
Movement of Persons with EVD Exposure
❑CDC
has created guidance for monitoring people exposed
to Ebola virus but without symptoms
RISK LEVEL
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION
Monitoring
Restricted
Public Activities
Restricted
Travel
HIGH risk
Direct Active Monitoring
Yes
Yes
SOME risk
Direct Active Monitoring
Case-by-case
assessment
Case-by-case
assessment
LOW risk
Active Monitoring
for some;
Direct Active Monitoring
for others
No
No
NO risk
No
No
No
www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/monitoring-and-movement-of-persons-with-exposure.html
Nigeria Defeats Ebola
While U.S. Stumbles
“Nigeria is now free of Ebola,” WHO representative
Rui Gama Vaz told a news conference in the capital
Abuja, Reuters reported. “This is a spectacular
success story … It shows that Ebola can be contained
but we must be clear that we have only won a battle.
The war will only end when West Africa is also
declared free of Ebola.."
“Yes, I am angry, because I
know Africa has the capacity
and the capability to solve most
of her problems, but Africa will
not enable her human resources
to perform effectively and
efficiently.
When the first case of Ebola was discovered in Nigeria this summer, Jeffrey Hawkins, the U.S.
Consul General in Lagos, said that an outbreak there could become an "apocalyptic urban
outbreak. The last thing anyone in the world wants to hear is the two words, 'Ebola' and 'Lagos,' in
the same sentence," Hawkins said in July.
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
Dr. Clifford Griffin
• Associate Professor Department:
Political Science, School of Public &
International Affairs
• 25 years of research, teaching,
commenting and consulting on all
aspects of Caribbean Political
Economy, including drug trafficking,
money laundering and crime (national
and transnational), migration (legal and
illegal), and trade and development.
• Countries and/or Regions of Interest:
Latin America and the Caribbean,
China, Spain, UK
Ebola: The Anatomy
of an Epidemic
Clifford E. Griffin, PhD
NCSU Department of Political Science
School of Public and International Affairs
November 17, 2014
Country
Number of Personnel
Mission
Burkina Faso
*
Counterterrorism
Congo
*
Counterterrorism
C.A.R.
40
Military Assistance
Chad
80
Counterterrorism
Djibouti
4,000
Base
Ethiopia
*
Intelligence
Kenya
60
Base
Mali
10
Liaison Support
Niger
100
Base
Somalia
24
Training and Advising
South Sudan
45
Protection
Uganda
300*
Training and Advising
Table 1: U.S. Personnel Deployed in Africa
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldv
iews/wp/2014/05/21/map-the-u-s-currently-hastroops-in-these-african-countries/]
Ms. Beverly Goll-Yekeson
• Liberia Crisis Center
• LCC’s mission is to prevent
SGBV in families and
communities and empower
survivors to seek help for their
overall physical health and
sexual/reproductive well-being.
We further facilitate their recovery
psychologically from sexual
violence and abuse, and assist
them in achieving economic selfsufficiency.
Ebola Impact on Children and Adolescents
Beverly Goll-Yekeson
EBOLA, 2014: ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
November 17, 2014, North Carolina State University
Witherspoon Campus Cinema
Ebola Impact on Children and
Adolescents: Some Highlights…
◆2.5 Million Children Under Age 5 Live in Affected Areas.
◆ 4,413 Schools in Liberia are still closed -affecting about 1.5
million school-aged children.
◆ Children who are Ebola survivors or have lost their parents to
Ebola:
➢Urgently need special attention and support.
➢Many of them feel unwanted and even abandoned.
◆Poor Nutrition
◆Exposure to violence
Ebola Impact on Children and
Adolescents: Some Highlights…
❖ UNICEF
estimated close to
4,000 children
have lost one or
both parents to
Ebola
❖Many being
shunned by their
extended families
and communities.
Abu Bakar, left, 6, and Issa, 9, are living with a
family friend after their mother died of Ebola. They
don’t know where their father is.
Photo Credit Nina Devries @ninareporter
Ebola Impact on Children and
Adolescents: Stigmatization - Africa
Abu Bakar,
left, 6, and
Issa, 9, are
living with a
family friend
after their
mother died of
Ebola. They
don’t know
where their
father is.
Photo Credit Nina Devries @ninareporter
Ebola Impact on Children and
Adolescents: Stigmatization -U.S.A
Oct. 2014 ...
Students
reportedly
attacked two
brothers at
Bronx School
called ‘Ebola’
Photo Credit: Ebola Bullies Shun African Immigrants in
Schoolyard Panic By Susan Donaldson James
Rehabilitation, Recovery, and
Reintegration of Ebola Survivors
Counseling services should include:
◆Stigma and healing family relationships.
◆Addressing financial needs of caregiver ects.
◆Preparation for and acceptance of the parent eventual death.
Shelter and Case Management
◆Providing access to temporary shelter for children in
transition.
◆Supporting family reunification and temporary shelter to
take children.
◆ Strengthening community-based programs for those with no
community option.
Ebola Impact on Children and
Adolescents: How YOU can help!
Volunteer with Us
Contact info
T: (443) 739-1413
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.liberiacrisiscenter.org
Facebook: liberiacrisiscenter
Twitter:liberiacrisis
YouTube: libhope2005
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
James Kiwanuka-Tondo, Ph.d. Associate Professor,
Coordinator of the Public Relations program in the
Department of Communication
James Kiwanuka-Tondo
• Associate Professor of Communication
• Research health communication
campaigns with particular emphasis on
HIV/AIDS.
• Studied the influence of HIV/AIDS
public policy on the organizations and
preventive strategies to reduce
HIV/AIDS in Kenya, Uganda, and
Tanzania
• Interest research on obesity campaigns
and intervention programs in the US.
Comparison of Ebola to other health and social
issues in US (Most facts- CDC, 2014)
• Only 1 person has died of Ebola in US and is not US citizen
• 2 people have contracted Ebola in US and both have been cured
• 4 people in US have contracted from West Africa – 2 of them have
been cured and 2 are recovering
• Over 53, 000 people die from flu annually in US
• Over 50,000 people contract HIV annually in US
• Over 23,000 people die from car accidents annually in US
• 286 people are shot and 86 die every day in US
• Over 31,260 people die from gun violence annually in US
• 1 out of every 4 people in prison worldwide is a US citizen – Yes
that this is a crisis in the US
•
•
•
•
•
Comparison of Ebola to other health and social problems
worldwide
Ebola is not new – first cases diagnosed in 1976
• Compare with HIV/AIDS which was first diagnosed in 1979
78 million people have contracted HIV/AIDS since 1981 and 39
million have died worldwide
• Number of people who have died of Ebola is probably is less
than 100,000
In 14th century bubonic plague killed over 25 million in 5 years – over
one third of the population of Europe
• Europe still exists to this day
In 1952 a quarter of Uganda’s population died of sleeping sickness
which is caused by the Tsetse Fly
• Uganda did not disappear off the face of the Earth
Yes, Ebola is indeed a mediated crisis
• The sky is not falling from the heavens
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
NCSU- Student Health Center
Leah Arnett, BSN, MHA, M.Ed.
• Director of Student Health Services at
NC State University. She oversees a staff
of approximately 100 who provide
services to over 34,000 NC State
students.
• As an active leader and member of the
American College Health Association
she believes in supporting all students to
achieve their optimal physical and
mental health to further their academic
success.
Carolyn Garrett-Piggot, MD
• Currently a full time staff
physician at the NC State
University Student Health
•
Interests include adolescent
medicine, diabetes as well as
infectious disease and
prevention.
Protecting the Pack
Ebola Campus Preparedness
NC State Student Health Services
"Ebola, 2014: Anatomy of an Epidemic"
November 17th, 2014
Ebola Facts
• Risk of Exposure - at NC State University in Raleigh
or anywhere in the United States, is LOW unless a
person has direct, unprotected contact with the body
fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola
• Transmission Requires:
• Direct contact with the Blood or Bodily fluids of a
person who has the Ebola virus
• Exposure to needles, medical equipment or other
object contaminated with infected secretions
• Countries with Widespread Transmission:
• Guinea
• Liberia
• Sierra Leone
Campus Safety - Travel
• Travel Monitoring: Student, faculty and staff travel to Ebola
affected areas monitoring began in August.
• Travel Restrictions: Travel restrictions were placed on
university-sponsored travel to Ebola-affected areas for all NC
State travelers on October 30th.
• Personal Travel:
– All NC State travelers who are planning personal travel to or
through Ebola- impacted areas should notify Environmental
Health and Safety as early as possible.
– All NC State travelers returning from travel to an Ebola
affected area or with exposure to bodily fluids of someone
who has been diagnosed with Ebola are requested to call
SHS before returning to campus for additional
recommendations.
Campus Safety – Response Planning
• Student Health Services (SHS) and Environmental
Health & Safety (EHS) began collaborating in July to
incorporate Center for Disease Control (CDC)
recommendations relative to Ebola.
• A SHS Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) has been
developed in the event there is an Ebola or suspected
Ebola case on campus.
• Collaborations continue with local hospitals, EMS, Wake
County Health and Human Services, and other state and
federal agencies.
The health and safety of NC State students,
faculty and staff are our top priority.
Resources
• NC State:
– Environmental Health & Safety website
– Student Health Center website
• Other:
– Carolinas Poison Center
– CDC
– The World Health Organization (WHO)
– Wake County Health and Human Services,
Communicable Disease Program
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
THANK YOU FROM TONIGHT CO-SPONSORS
Africana Studies
Africana Studies is a 122 credit hour degree program designed to give students an integrated and critical understanding of the
experiences, contributions, and achievements of peoples of African descent throughout the world. The core courses
emphasize conceptual and methodological issues within Africana Studies. Students are taught academic skills and encouraged
to conduct critical research and analysis designed to understand the relationships between and solutions to the political,
social, cultural, and economic developments in Africa and the African Diaspora. The overall goal of the Africana Studies
program is to provide students with competencies to succeed as citizens, workers, and leaders of the global community. An
Africana Studies degree at NC State University will offer students the opportunity to study the Black experience in Africa, the
Americas, and throughout the African Diaspora. Students will explore topics, issues and research from cross-cultural,
international, transnational and multidisciplinary perspectives. Through the lens of the African experience, Africana Studies
will also examine the intersection of race (social), ethnicity (culture), gender and class (economic) as it impacts the broad
issues of human development. Once educated, Africana Studies graduates will be prepared for further professional or
graduate education in a diverse array of areas including all of the humanities and social sciences, law, and education. Students
who choose Africana Studies as one of two majors are additionally prepared to engage in careers where African descended
people and communities are a key focus. Within the major, students can choose between the African and African Diaspora
options. T he Africana Studies program also offers a Community Studies Concentration.
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
CHASS Multicultural Association for Students
(CHASS-MAS)
The CHASS-MAS was created in 1996 to provide a
network for all multi-ethnic students in CHASS. It
serves as a forum for the exchange of ideas for the
advancement of self and others in the humanities
through community service, newsletters, lectures, peer
advising, tutoring and field trips. The association is
open to all CHASS students, faculty and staff who are
committed to promoting a productive learning
environment at NC State.
EBOLA, 2014:
ANATOMY OF AN EPIDEMIC
Collegiate 100
The mission of the Collegiate 100 of NC State
University is to support the sponsoring Chapter
of 100 Black Men of America in its efforts to
nurture and enhance the growth, development
and opportunities for young African American
males. This organization will also empower the
black community through the Four for the
Future plan of Mentoring, Education, Health and
Wellness, and Economic Development.