Malaria Power Point Presentation By Rose Murey Graduate Student, Walden University 02 November 2014 overview Audience Definition of Malaria History of Malaria Malaria species Malaria transmission, life cycle, signs and.
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Transcript Malaria Power Point Presentation By Rose Murey Graduate Student, Walden University 02 November 2014 overview Audience Definition of Malaria History of Malaria Malaria species Malaria transmission, life cycle, signs and.
Malaria
Power Point Presentation
By
Rose Murey
Graduate Student, Walden University
02 November 2014
overview
Audience
Definition of Malaria
History of Malaria
Malaria species
Malaria transmission, life cycle, signs and symptoms and diagnosis
Malaria statistical facts, endemic regions and worldwide situation
Malaria treatment, control and prevention measures
Audience
Health Care Workers
Tourists
Introduction
What causes Malaria?
A single-celled parasite called Plasmodium, transmitted through mosquito bites
Where does the word Malaria come from?
two medieval Italian words, “mal” which means Bad and “aria” which means air
Why was malaria called bad air?
First believed to be caused by bad air in areas such as marshes and swamps
History of Malaria
When and who discovered Malaria Parasites?
In 1880 a French army surgeon named Charles Louis Alphonse
When and who discovered that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites?
In 1897, a British officer named Ronald Ross
Discovery of the different Species of Malaria
Oschillaria malaria : French army surgeon Charles Louis Alphonse
Tertian Periodicity- An Italian neurophysiologist called Camillo Golgi
Quartan Periodicity: An Italian neurophysiologist called Camillo Golgi
Parasite Species
Plasmodium Falciparum: Formerly named Tertian Malaria, it’s the most
severe species
Plasmodium Vivax: Discovered 1890 by an Italian investigators
Plasmodium Malarie: Discovered 1890 by an Italian investigators
Plasmodium Ovale: Discovered in 1922 by John William Watson Stephens
Reference: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/
Mosquitos Species
There are more than 3,500 species of mosquitos worldwide
More than 400 species are female anopheles
About 50 species known to transmit malaria
Major African mosquito vectors bite indoors at night
Reference: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/
Malaria transmission
Parasite Infected Mosquito Bite
Parasite infected female anopheles mosquito bites its human host
Releases the parasite through the salivary gland.
The parasites enter the human blood stream and causes infection
Malaria Signs and Symptoms
Malaria Diagnosis
Rapid Diagnostic test (RDT)
(needle prick)
Blood smear- More definitive test
Life cycle of malaria
Continuation of Life Cycle of Malaria
Malaria Mortality Rates
Malaria is a leading cause of death in children in Africa
Every 60 seconds a child in Africa dies from malaria
Every year, approximately 1 million deaths from malaria occur
Reference: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/facts.html
Malaria Incidence and Prevalence
Every second there are 10 new cases of malaria in Africa
Every year, an estimated 300-500 million people are infected with malaria
Each year about 1,300 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United
States
Reference: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/facts.html
Malaria Endemic Areas
World wide Malaria Situation
Malaria Treatment, Control and prevention measures
Antimalarials
Quinine: Discovered early 17th century as medicine to treat fevers
Choloroquin (Resochin): Discovered 1934, used as antimalarial in 1946
Vector Control
Insecticide spraying: Outdoor and indoor spray using Dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT): Discovered in 1939 as an insecticide effective against malaria by Paul Muller
Destruction of larval breeding sites
Personal protection measures
Insect repellent sprays and creams
Wearing protective clothing
Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs)
Room screening
Conclusion
Malaria Global Action
Malaria still remains a serious threat to sub-Saharan areas
Currently the is no vaccination for malaria
Insecticide health problems such as DDT
Research programs and funding
Global eradication programs
World malaria day
Reference: http://www.who.int/campaigns/malaria-day/en/
Global Malaria Eradication Efforts
Reference:
http://www.who.int/campaigns/malariaday/2014/en/
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Malaria: Human Factors and Malaria. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/human_factors.html
Gong, L., Parikh, S., Rosenthal, P. J., & Greenhouse, B. (2013). Biochemical and immunological
mechanisms by which sickle cell trait protects against malaria. Malaria journal, 12(1), 317. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847285/
Snowden, F. M., & Bucala, R. (2014). The Global Challenge of Malaria: Past Lessons and Future Prospects.
World Scientific Publishing Company. Retrieved from http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/clc/2055762
Lukianova-Hleb, E. Y., Campbell, K. M., Constantinou, P. E., Braam, J., Olson, J. S., Ware, R. E., ... &
Lapotko, D. O. (2014). Hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubbles for transdermal reagent-and needlefree detection of malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(3), 900-905. Retrieved
from http://www.pnas.org/content/111/3/900.full
References continuation
Mubi, M., Janson, A., Warsame, M., Mårtensson, A., Källander, K., Petzold,
M. G., & Björkman, A. (2011). Malaria rapid testing by community health
workers is effective and safe for targeting malaria treatment: randomised
cross-over trial in Tanzania. PloS one, 6(7), e19753. Retrieved from
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.00
19753
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Malaria: Malaria facts.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/facts.html