Transcript 16th Century Dreams of Settlement  Wars among the European nations, which often extended to North America, brought major changes in the 18th century.

16th Century Dreams of Settlement

Wars among the European
nations, which often
extended to North America,
brought major changes in the
18th century. In 1762 France
ceded Louisiana west of the
Mississippi to Spain, and in
1763 it lost Canada and the
rest of Louisiana to Great
Britain. France retained only
some small islands off
Newfoundland. Spain began
settling California in 1769.
The United States won its
independence from Britain in
1775–83, acquiring all Britishheld mainland territory south
of Canada.
French and Indian War to 1783
United States after
the Revolutionary
War in 1783
British, US and Spanish Colonies
1810 Maps of US
Westward Expansion 1810
United States 1812
United States 1790 - 1820
United States 1820
1836 Map of US Expansion
US Expansion Pressure and War
President James Polk 1844
As a Democrat committed to
geographic expansion (or
“Manifest Destiny“), he overrode
Whig objections and was
responsible for the second-largest
expansion of the nation’s territory.
Polk secured the Oregon Territory
(including Washington, Oregon
and Idaho), amounting to about
285,000 square miles (738,000 km²)
then purchased 525,000 square
miles (1,360,000 km²) through the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that
ended the Mexican–American
War.”
Popular Sentiment during the
Century
1845 by a newspaper reporter
named John O'Sullivan who
wrote:".... the right of our manifest
destiny to over spread and to possess
the whole of the continent which
Providence has given us for the
development of the great experiment
of liberty and federaltive
development of self government
entrusted to us. It is right such as
that of the tree to the space of air
and the earth suitable for the full
expansion of its principle and
destiny of growth."
The politician Ignatius
Donnelly would later put
it this way: "Nothing
less than a continent can
suffice as the basis and
foundation for that
nation in whose destiny
is involved in the destiny
of mankind."
In 1846 Polk signed a treaty with Great Britain
giving England the territory which today is
western Canada. The U.S. took what is now
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of
Montana. Then President Polk went to war
against Mexico . The war lasted for two years .
When it ended, the US took half of Mexico and
the border between Texas and Mexico was set at
the Rio Grande.
Indian Removal From 1830 Act
Removed to Oklahoma Territory
Military Map 1850
By 1860 Cotton Was King and Slaves
Were the Golden Goose
Underground Railroad
Its importance is not
measured by the number of
attempted or successful
escapes from American
slavery, but by the manner in
which it consistently exposed
the grim realities of slavery
and refuted the claim that
African Americans could not
act or organize on their own.
1850 Fugitive Slave Act
Granted to the South for CA entering as a free state.
Between 1850 and 1860, 343 African Americans
appeared before federal commissioners. Of those 343
people, 332 were sent to slavery in the South. The
commissioners allowed only eleven people to remain
free in the North. Thousands of African Americans
fled to Canada. Some people who had been free for
their entire lives left the country. Abolitionists
challenged the Fugitive Slave Law's legality in court, but
the United States Supreme Court upheld the law's
constitutionality in 1859.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Antislavery advocates and the abolitionists were disturbed
by this act. The South wanted their property back. The
Federal law allowed a warrant issued by the courts for the
arrest of known fugitive slave runaways. If they, the
marshals, or anyone did not cooperate, they could be fined
$1,000. Slave masters could seize their runaway slaves and
even collect the value of accumulated labor done by the
slave outside of his master's domain. In a trial, no slave
could testify on his own behalf. Force could also be used to
capture runaway slaves and to not assist slave catchers was
a crime . Both slaves, free blacks at risk of being put back
into bondage and servitude - northerners trying to distance
themselves were now compelled to assist the slave holders.
“Black Moses’ Family 1887 New
York”
Harriet Tubman,
who was born into
slavery, learning she was
going to be separated
from her family and
sold, she planned her
escape, made her way to
Philadelphia, describing
freedom as "heaven."
She helped 300 slaves
gain freedom risking
her life 19 times.
Henry “Box” Brown
With help of Northern
Vigilance Committee
mailed himself to
freedom in 2.5 foot
square crate from
VA to PA to black
abolitionist: William
Johnson
Ross to Tubman to “Black Moses”

When Harriet Tubman fled to
freedom 1849 and was determined
to return to Maryland to bring
away her family. It would take her
over 10 years, and she would not
be entirely successful. Linah, Soph
and Mariah Ritty had been sold to
the Deep South some years before,
her niece Kessiah would be the
first relative Tubman would help
escape from slavery. Then, she
assisted her brother Moses,
followed by her three remaining
brothers, Ben, Henry and Robert.
When Robert, Ben, and Henry sat
down with William Still, in
Philadelphia, four days after they
fled their enslaver in Maryland,
they chose new identities. Shedding
their “Ross” surname, and selecting
“Stewart.”.
The writing, publication and
distribution of his book were a
product of his own effort. His
stated purpose was to "encourage
the race in efforts of self
elevation" He believed that the
most eloquent advocates of
Negroes were Frederick Douglass,
William Wells Brown, and other
self-emancipated champions. It
was his mission as a Negro to
record their heroic deeds and he
hoped the book would serve as
additional testimony to the
intellectual capacity of his race.
"We very much need works on
various topics from the pens of
colored men to represent the
race intellectually.'
William Still
William and Peter Still
WILLIAM (1821-1902), abolitionist, writer, and businessman.
Still was born near Medford, N.J. His father, Levin Steel, was a
former slave who had purchased his own freedom and changed
his name to Still to protect his wife Sidney, who had escaped
from slavery in Maryland. In 1844 he went to PA, In 1847 he
married Letitia George and found employment in the
Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. He was in a
position to provide board and room for many of the fugitives
who rested in Philadelphia before resuming their journey to
Canada. One of those former slaves turned out to be his own
brother, Peter Still, left in bondage by his mother when she had
escaped forty years earlier. William Still later reported that
finding his brother led him to preserve the careful records
concerning former slaves which provided valuable source
material for his book The Underground Railroad (1872)
The Underground Railroad was
the most dramatic protest action
against slavery in United States
history. Networks began in the
1500s, and were later connected
with organized abolitionist activity
of the 1800s. Neither an
"underground" nor a "railroad,"
this informal, loosely constructed
network of escape routes
originated in the South, intertwined
throughout the North, and
eventually ended in Canada. Escape
routes extended into western
territories, Mexico, and the
Caribbean. From 1830 to 1865, the
Underground Railroad reached its
peak as abolitionists and
sympathizers who condemned
human bondage aided large
numbers of bondsmen to freedom.
Dramatic, organized
Protest
Henson escaped as a fugitive
slave from Maryland in 1830, to
Canada on the Underground
Railroad. By 1841, Reverend
Henson revealed his skills as an
abolitionist, conductor on the
Underground Railroad, and
businessman, with others he
purchased 400 acres of land
near Dresden, Ontario. This
became the Dawn Settlement
where the British American
Institute for fugitive slaves was
located, the first vocational
training school for blacks in
North America. Henson's work
as a conductor on the
Underground Railroad brought
at least 118 enslaved to freedom.
Josiah Henson."
(1789-1883)
Underground Railroad Station
Houses
Underground Railroad consisted of a series of safe houses known as
“stations” and individuals known as “conductors” who assisted those
escaping from slavery in the United States. Many fugitive slaves who
managed to reach Canada settled in Drummondville, and many went on to
achieve a great deal of success. Burr Plato who was born into slavery in
1833 in Logan County, Virginia, escaped and settled here in 1856. He went
on to become a prominent business man, respected citizen and elected
council member.
Oliver Parnell escaped slavery in 1855. Through thrift and hard work, he
was able to purchase a substantial amount of land in Drummondville
including seven lots on the south side of Peer Street. His own house at
6071 Stanley Avenue is still standing today. Oliver Parnell worked for John
A. Orchard and his nephew Joseph Cadham at their home on Culp Street.
In the picture Margaret Cadham is wearing overalls that were specially
made for her so she could look like her friend Oliver, “ a soft-spoken,
wonderfully kind man”.
Sloan House
This house, built in the early 1850s, was the home of Rush R. Sloane (18281908), a Sandusky, Ohio, lawyer, abolitionist, and Underground Railroad
participant. One of Sloane's more well-known antislavery protests occured
in 1852 when seven runaway slaves arrived in Sandusky on the Mad River
& Lake Erie Railroad. The slaves were later captured aboard a steamer by
three men from Kentucky claiming to be their owners. On behalf of the
fugitive slaves, Sloane petitioned the mayor to investigate the evidence and
questioned if the runaways were properly arrested and legally detained.
Finding no legal authority for the arrest, local officials ordered that the
slaves be released immediately. Shortly afterwards, one of the Kentucky
men displayed legal papers of ownership and filed charges against Sloane
under the Fugitive Slave Act. He was tried in the U.S. District Court in
Columbus and fined $3,000 plus $1,330.30 in court and attorney fees. The
local African American community, in appreciation of Sloane's efforts,
presented him with a silver-headed cane that today is on display at the
Follett House Museum at 404 Wayne Street in Sandusky.
The reflective garden at Lorain's Station 100 of the Underground Railroad
is a 2007 nominee. The monument and garden were presented in
celebration of the legacy and courage of abolitionists and escaping slaves.
Prior to the Civil War, Ohio was a leading state for enslaved Americans of
African decent traveling the Underground Railroad to freedom in Canada.
For these fugitives, their final stop in Ohio was a Lake Erie port
community in the north. One such port was at the mouth of the Black
River in Lorain that came to be identified as Lorain Station 100, named
because it was thought to be one of the last stops or stations before the
fugitive slaves reached freedom in Canada. Many arrived here in a wagon
driven by Robbins Burrell who owned a farm five miles up the Black River.
Concealed by vegetables, grains, or hay, the slaves were smuggled into
schooners, some of which belonged to Burrell's cousin Captain Aaron
Root. From Lorain Station 100, the determined travelers were transported
across Lake Erie, completing the final leg of their long journey to
freedom.
John and Jean Rankin of Ohio
John Rankin was born in
Tennessee in 1793, son of a
blacksmith- a deeply
religious man at the age of
twenty began studying
religion. He married Jean
Lowry, granddaughter of his
college’s dean in 1814.abolitionist views led the
couple to cross the Ohio
River to Ripley in the free
state of Ohio -his house
became a stopping point on
the Underground Railroad.
Underground Railroad Tracks:
Henry Box Brown
Thousands of enslaved and
many free African-Americans
made their way to Mexico and
Canada where they could live as
free citizens. In Canada, the
refugees arrived at points as far
east as Nova Scotia and as far
west as British Columbia, but the
majority crossed over into what
is now southwestern Ontario.
They formed communities,
cleared the forests and pioneered
new farmland. The network of
sympathetic black and white
abolitionists that assisted in them
along their secret routes became
known as the Underground
Railroad.
Escape to
Canada
BME Church of Black Community
in Canada
BME church, is one of the oldest buildings in Drummondville. It is said
to have been built in 1836, at the corner of Murray Street and Allendale
Avenue. It was moved to its present location on land given by Oliver
Parnell and his wife Matilda both of whom had escaped from slavery in
the United States. For many who followed the Underground Railroad to
Canada and settled in Niagara Falls, the British Methodist Episcopal
Church, was the spiritual, social and educational centre of their
community. The Church is a simple Gothic Revival style structure,
characterized by the pointed lancet windows. The current windows with
coloured glass panes were installed early
This group of fugitive slaves
escaped to freedom in
Canada on the Underground
Railroad and took up
residence in Windsor,
Ontario, Canada. Their
names are listed from left to
right as, Mrs. Hunt,
Mansfield Smith, Mrs.
Seymour; front row:
Stevenson, Johnson. The
image was collected by Ohio
State professor Wilbur
Siebert (1866-1961). He
began researching the
Underground Railroad in the
1890s to interest his students
in history.
Free at Last

Artist: David Bustill Bowser,
banner with moto:
WE WILL PROVE
OURSELVES TO BE MEN
127th REGIMENT. US
COLORED TROOPS (ca.
1860s) courtesy of Library
of Congress [LC-USZ6223097].
Painting of Soldier in the 127 USCT
Maternal Great, Great,
Grandfather: George
Winston a.k.a. George
Munford – escaped from
Richmond VA area as
teen, went to Canada,
enlisted Aug.1864 at age
23 in Concord N.H., into
the 127th Regiment U.S.
Colored Infantry.
Official Emblem of the USCT


ONE HUNDRED AND
TWENTY-SEVENTH
REGIMENT INFANTRY
USCT
Commanding Officer
COLONEL Benjamin F. Tracy
This regiment was the last to leave
Camp William Penn. It was ordered
to City Point, Va., in September,
1864, and there attached to the
Tenth Corps. Its movements and
engagements were identical with
those of the left wing of the ”45th”
Regiment, including the transfer
after Lee’s surrender to further duty
in Texas. It was mustered out upon
the Rio Grande river October 20th,
1865.
Initially denied the right to bear
arms, by 1863 black soldiers were
fighting for the Union. A total of
207 thousand U.S. Colored Troops,
and volunteer units from different
states, served with distinction,
winning 15 Congressional Medals
of Honor , while another 7 African
American sailors were also honored
for their heroism. By January 1864,
even Confederate officers
appreciated the need for recruiting
black soldiers. By the time President
Jefferson Davis signed a bill on 13
March 1865 authorizing the
enlistment of slaves, it was too late
to save the Confederacy.
6th USCT Banner
African American
Civil War Memorial,
D.C.
Martin Delany USCT Civil War
Father of Black
nationalism. 1852
addressed relation with
Indians: “we are identical
as the subject of
American wrongs,
outrages, and oppression,
and therefore one in
interest”