Transcript ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances Single-Use Cameras References: 1. http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/environment/performance/recycling/suc.shtml 2. http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/film/otuc.shtml 3. http://www.kodak.com/cluster/global/en/consumer/products/cameras/singleUse/singleUseFacts.shtml 4. Wheelwright, S.C.

ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Single-Use Cameras
References:
1. http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/environment/performance/recycling/suc.shtml
2. http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/film/otuc.shtml
3. http://www.kodak.com/cluster/global/en/consumer/products/cameras/singleUse/singleUseFacts.shtml
4. Wheelwright, S.C. and Clark, K.B. (1995) Leading Product Development, Free Press, New York.
5. Alexander, B. (1993) Kodak Fun Saver Camera Recycling, Society of Plastics Engineers Recycling
Conference - Survival Tactics thru the '90's, Chicago, IL, June 14-16, pp. 207-212.
6. Scheuring, J. F., Bras, B. and Lee, K.-M. (1994) Effects of Design for Disassembly on Integrated
Disassembly and Assembly Processes, Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Computer
Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology, Troy, NY, October, pp. 53-59.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
First to Market

Fuji introduced QuickSnap 35mm single-use
camera in the U.S. market in 1987.

Kodak, which did not have a single-use camera
of its own, was caught unprepared.

The single-use camera market grew by more
than 50 percent per year for the next 8 years:
• In 1988, 3 million single-use cameras were sold
• By 1994, over 43 million were sold
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Kodak’s Response to Fuji

Kodak introduced its first model over a year later

Fuji had already developed a second model, the
QuickSnap Flash

Kodak had experimented with single-use cameras:
• Early version introduced in mid-1980’s produced blurred
pictures and had many quality problems.
• Kodak prided itself on excellent film quality; putting film
into an inexpensive, plastic, single-use camera could
result in second-rate photographs and hurt Kodak.
• Feared single-use cameras would cannibalize film
sales whose gross margins were very high (80%).
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Kodak’s Platform Approach

From April 1989 and July 1990,
Kodak redesigned its base
model and introduced
three additional
models

Because of their platform strategy, Kodak was able
to develop its products faster and more cheaply,
delivering twice as many products as Fuji

By 1994, Kodak had captured more than 70%
of the U.S. market.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Kodak Improves Recyclability

Initially called “Kodak Fling” cameras, single-use
cameras viewed as “disposables” or “throwaways”

This upset many environmental groups, calling
the cameras “ecologically offensive”.

In 1990-1991, a massive redesign effort began to
facilitate recycling and part reuse
• Integrated design, development, manufacturing,
business, and environmental personnel

New designs were easier to
disassemble, inspect, reuse,
and reload
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Single-Use Camera Recycling

Single-use cameras
have since become the
cornerstone in Kodak’s
efforts in recycle, reuse,
and remanufacture.
• 70% recycle rate in US
• 60% rate worldwide

A single-use camera can
be returned to the shelf
in 30 days after collected
from a developer
per (an Alum can takes ~60 days)
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Single-Use Camera Recycling

Exchange partnerships
have been established
with Fuji, Konica, and
other single-use camera
manufacturers

By weight, 77-86% of a Kodak
single use camera can be reused or recycled

Kodak now provides the best example of
“closed-loop” recycling in the world.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Single-Use Camera Lifecycle
Step 1
• Camera is manufactured and loaded with unexposed film
which is pre-wound from the cartridge into a roll in the
camera.
Step 2
• Consumer purchases and uses camera, winding film back
into the cartridge one frame at a time as photographs are
taken.
Step 3
• Consumer returns entire camera to a photo-finisher
for processing.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Single-Use Camera Lifecycle (cont.)
Step 4.
• Photofinisher removes the battery and film cartridge and
develops the pictures.
• Camera body is returned to the manufacturer for reuse
and recycling.
• Manufacturer pays photofinisher a small fee for each
camera returned as incentive to recycle.
• Battery is reused by another industry since it still has
over half of its useful life remaining.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Single-Use Camera Lifecycle (cont.)
Step 5.
• Manufacturer removes lenses and external enclosures for
regrind with to raw materials.
• Internal camera body and mechanism assembly is
inspected and re-used, and new film, a battery, lenses
and outer covers are added to make a “new” single use
camera ready for sale.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
“Closed-Loop” Recycling Program
Step 1
Step 5
Step 2
Step 4
Step 3
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Component Recycling and Reuse
Covers:
• The polystyrene covers of the Kodak Fun Saver pocket
cameras (both flash and daylight models) are ground up
and recycled into covers for new cameras.
• The paperboard outer shell of Fun Saver 35, Fun Saver
panoramic and Fun Saver telefoto 35 cameras is made of
recycled material.
• The polycarbonate shell of the Fun Saver Weekend 35
camera models is ground up and sold to make nonphotographic products.
Label:
• On the Kodak Fun Saver models, the graphic label is
ground up during the recycling of the outer covers.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Component Recycling and Reuse
Film:
• After removing the Kodak film for processing, the
photofinisher has the option of returning the camera to
Kodak for recycling and reuse.
• Since retailers and photofinishers play a key role in this
recycling process, they are reimbursed for each camera
returned and shipping costs.
Lens:
• To ensure optical purity, the camera receives a new lens
each time it is recycled.
• Used lenses are ground up and sold to outside
companies as raw materials for other products.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Component Recycling and Reuse
Camera Mechanism:
• The chassis, basic camera mechanism and electronic
flash system are tested, inspected and reused.
Viewfinder:
• The viewfinder is re-ground and recycled into new
internal camera parts.
Battery:
• Kodak donates any returned batteries to charity or the
photofinisher may reuse them.
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Component Recycling and Reuse

Parts of the cameras that don't pass inspection are
simply ground up and fed into the raw material
stream
for molding into2 new cameras. 3
1
New Plastic
ASSEMBLY
DISASSEMBLY
Regrind
Disassembly
Station 1
Injection
Molding
New
Molded
Parts
Worker 1
Assembly
Station 1
Assembly
Station 2
Worker 2
Assembly
Station 3
Waste
Disassembly
Station 2
Fixtures
Fixtures
Parts to
Inspect
Inspection
Reusable
Parts
Assembly
Station 6
Assembly
Station 4
Assembly
Station 5
Waste
Used
Cameras
Assembled
Cameras
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Initial Kodak FunSaverTM Design
How do Kodak’s new
cameras compare to
the original design?
You will investigate
this as part of the
in-class lab by
dissecting an old
camera and one of
the newer models
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Kodak Single-Use Cameras
(http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/film/otuc.shtml)
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Kodak Single-Use Cameras
MAX
Outdoor
MAX
Wedding
Pack
MAX
Waterproof
MAX
Flash
MAX
Sport
MAX
Panoramic
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Fuji Single-Use Cameras
(http://www.fujifilm.com/)
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Fuji QuickSnap Colors
(http://www.fujifilm.com/bridgepages/colors.html)
ME240/106S: Product Dissection - Appliances
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras