Transcript Heavy Ion Physics at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider PLHC Conference, Vancouver (2012) Jamie Nagle University of Colorado.

Heavy Ion Physics
at the
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
PLHC Conference,
Vancouver (2012)
Jamie Nagle
University of Colorado
Electromagnetic Interaction  Very Rich Structures
Temperature [MeV]
Nuclear Interaction  Very Rich Structures
Quark Gluon Plasma
Baryon Chemical Potential [MeV]
Laboratory tools (RHIC and LHC)
Heavy Ion Collisions
allow
us to explore the richness of
map out the
physics
QCD ‘condensed matter’ physics
Laboratory Tool (RHIC)
RHIC – 7-200 GeV/nn
PHENIX
STAR
RHIC Machine Performance
3D stochastic cooling
L > 15 x RHIC design Au+Au
New EBIS Source provides
new geometries (U+U)
Great energy flexibility
Polarized p+p Program
Perfect Fluid and Hydrodynamics
Temperature Profile + Velocity Vectors
v2
Viscosity – Temperature Relation
Ultracold Fermi gas
Quark-gluon plasma
Holographic bounds
2005 – RHIC Discovery of QGP as nearly perfect fluid
Deep connections with other strongly coupled
systems and theoretical frameworks
RHIC Beam Energy Scan (7 – 200 GeV)
Can we turn off the perfect fluid QGP?
Lattice QCD (pressure)
v2
STAR Preliminary: QM2011
0.5

0.0
-0.5
-0.1
101
102
103
sNN (GeV)
Below some temperature, hadronic interactions should
dominate the time evolution
 (not partonic).
At lower energies, high baryon density, anti-proton anti-flow predicted
Anti-Flow
Flow
A. Jahns et al. (PRL 1994)
Higher energies, all hadrons reflect parton flow.
Lower energies, expect hadronic system,
f and W with small cross section fall out of flow pattern.
Critical Point Search
RHIC first phase energy scan complete.
7.7, 11.5, 15.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62, 200 GeV
If heavy ion trajectory near critical point,
predicted fluctuations observables.
No large fluctuation signal observed. Expect full results soon.
RHICEvent-by-Event
and LHC reveal higher
moments….
Hydrodynamics
Fluctuations Dominate
Flow dictated by participating
nucleon geometry
Yield(f) = a (1 + 2 v1 cos[(f-Y1)]
+ 2 v2 cos[2(f-Y2]
+ 2 v3 cos[3(f-Y3)]
+ 2 v4 cos[4(f-Y4)]
+ 2 v5 cos[5(f-Y5)]
+ 2 v6 cos[6(f-Y6)]
+…
B. Alver, G. Roland arXiv:1003.0194
P. Sorenson arXiv:1002.4878
Elliptic Flow
Triangular Flow
Quadrangular Flow
….
e2 ≈ 2 x e 3 ≈ 2 x e4
PHENIX Experiment
vn {EP} Au+Au at 30-40% Central
0.20
Elliptic
TT
0.10
0.0
Triangular
Quadrangular
0.0 1.0 2.0
e2 ≈ e3 ≈ e4
vn {EP}
3.0
pT (GeV/c)
Au+Au
atAuAu
0-10%
Central
200 GeV
– 0-10%
Central
PHENIX Preliminary
0.20
0.10
TT
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0
arXiv:1105.3928
3.0
pT (GeV/c)
v
,
v
,
v
,
v
,
even
v
!
Higher
Flow
Harmonics
Seen
by
All
Experiments
2
3
4
5
6
0
STAR Preliminary
ATLAS
0.2
ATLAS
20-30%
0-5%
-1
0.2
v2
v3
v4
v5
v6
Preliminary
ò Ldt = 8 mb
30-40%
EP from full FCal
0.1
5-10%
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
p [GeV]
T
10
2
4
6
8
p [GeV]
T
Like measurements20-30%
of early universe sound harmonics…
30-40%
Heavy Ion harmonics measured give key constraints on
0.2
viscous damping and initial spatial correlations
10
p(d) + A and Gluon Saturation
Geometry set by nucleons,
and initial entropy by low-x gluons
p+A key with no QGP effects
Dijet-like correlations down by 1/10
Much more than nPDF shadowing
PHENIX MPC-EX Proposal
fSTAR Proposal
sPHENIX Proposal
• key for RHIC transverse spin physics
• complementary to LHC p+A program
Quarkonia
Bound states of cc and bb can be Debye color screened in
the QGP as one increases the temperature (melting)
Bizarre twist
Less suppression at LHC
with higher
temperature.
J/y Suppression
LHC
RHIC
Quark deconfinement
and charm
recombination?
Calculation from Rapp and Zhao
LHC Pb+Pb
Net Result
RHIC
High pT
LHC
High pT
Recombination dominates at low pT where
most charm pairs are produced.
Prediction that LHC suppression should be
greater than RHIC at higher pT.
Upsilon States are the definitive test
Upsilon states span melting
temperatures
(and overlap with J/y)
Less recombination influence
U(1s+2s+3s) Suppression
RHIC suppression consistent
with melting of U(2s,3s)!
CMS observes specific state
suppression.
STAR MTD Upgrade (2014),
sPHENIX Proposal
Probing the Medium
When does the strongly coupled bulk (lower momentum IR)
transition to a weakly coupled probe (higher momentum UV)?
RHIC and LHC Jet Quenching
RHIC jet quenching discovered via high pT suppression.
“The surprisingly transparent QGP
at the LHC [compared to RHIC]”
Horowitz and Gyulassy, NPA (2011)
QCD Weak Case
RHIC LHC
Perfect ?
Fluid
Temperature (T/Tc)
Transition from
strong to weak coupling?
More Quenching
Large asymmetry
exceeds pQCD
(weak coupling)
expectations
Less Quenching
Requires strong
coupling!
Full jet reconstruction
(see LHC results) are critical
next RHIC step.
Jets probing medium at the
strongest coupling (1-2 Tc).
High RHIC luminosity is key.
sPHENIX Proposal
sPHENIX
Do Heavy Quarks Thermalize in Medium?
PHENIX PRL
At higher pT, radiative
energy loss predicts less
suppression for charm and
even less of beauty.
Suppression
Suppression
Critical test is tagging
beauty quarks!
Flow
Flow
Charm flows with the
perfect fluid QGP.
D
= 30/2pT
DHF
HF = 30/2pT
D
= 6/2pT
DHF
HF = 6/2pT
D
DHF == 4/2pT
4/2pT
HF
Phys. Rev. C71, 034907, 2005.
Phys.
Phys. Rev.
Rev. C71,
C71, 034907,
064904, 2005.
2005.
Phys. Rev. C71, 064904, 2005.
Transverse Momentum
PHENIX VTX (installed 2010)
STAR HFT (2014)
sPHENIX Proposal (tag c/b jets)
Summary
• Unprecedented laboratory tools for studying QCD
phase diagram and investigating strong vs. weak coupling
• Large investment in RHIC luminosity and detector upgrades
paying off… beam energy scan, nuclear dependencies
(Cu+Au and U+U collisions), p+A, ….
• Many more key topics: chiral magnetic effect, anti-nuclei,
dileptons, thermal photons...
• Rich field … with a strong future at RHIC & LHC