Slide 1

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 2

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 3

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 4

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 5

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 6

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 7

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 8

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 9

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 10

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 11

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 12

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 13

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 14

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 15

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 16

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 17

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 18

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 19

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 20

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 21

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 22

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 23

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 24

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 25

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 26

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 27

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 28

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 29

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 30

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 31

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 32

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 33

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 34

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 35

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com


Slide 36

Environmental Studies

“ENVIRONMENT”- DEFINITION AND MEANING:
‘ENVIRONMENT’ means everything surrounding us, that includes
dead things, living organisms and the conditions – more scientifically
the PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONS:
From the scientific study point of view, the overall environment
& each component thereof is divided into the following two divisions.

PHYSICAL / ABIOTIC (Non-living) Environment.
BIOLOGICAL / BIOTIC (living) Environment.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
ENVIRONMENT

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Ocean/Sea
River
Springs/falls
wells/lakes

Crust
Upper Mantle

Combination
of
atmosphere+
Lithosphere+
Hydrosphere
and all the
living organisms

ATMOSPHERE – It is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth,
comprising a complex mixture of major, minor & trace components.
LITHOSPHERE – It refers to the solid layers of rock materials, on
the continents and below the oceans.

HYDROSPHERE – It refers to the layer / cover of water on the
earth’s surface in the form of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and ponds.
BIOSPHERE – It collectively covers the portions of Atmosphere,
Lithosphere and Hydrosphere which supports all the life forms.

ATMOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE:









It is refers to the layer or cover of water on the surface
of earth. We all know that the life is not possible
without the water.
It is in the form of oceans, sea, rivers & ponds and
ground water.
70% of the earth surface is covered by the water
It is estimated that the Hydrosphere contains about
1360 million cubic km of water out of which 97 % is in
the oceans & sea which is salty , 2% is in form of ice
form and only 1 % is pure water available for human
consumption
This drinking water is in the form of ground water and
in the river which is use by all of us.







Large quantity of ground water is utilize for the
agriculture and industries while the waste water from
these is much polluted and on mixing with rivers is
polluting the rivers also.
The quantity of water vapor arising from evaporation of
sea water and river water returns by the same volume to
the earth’s surface by rainfall and back to the water
source. This natural Hydrological cycle is more or less
balanced by cloud formation and rainfall.
Water is essential for all life on the Earth – plants, animals
and man.

Elementary Hydrology

Hydrological Cycle:
It is the cycle, which balance between precipitation and evaporation into
atmosphere is called Hydrological Cycle.

1) Evaporation and Transpiration:
In the Sun-Shine day water is evaporated from the surface of water
sources, it is converted into a small vapor form is called evaporation
where as the small practical of water is librated by the plants and
Vegetation cover is called transpiration.
2) Precipitation:
The form of water fall on the surface of earth is called as
precipitation like Rain, Snow, Dew, Hail etc.

3) Infiltration (Percolation):
At second precipitation, Rest of Water absorbs by the soil particles
and meets to the sub-surface water is call infiltration of water.

4) Run-off:
Major portion of water at second precipitation run on the surface of
the earth and meet to a surface sources like Lakes, streams, River
and Oceans is called runoff.

LITHOSPHERE:













It is made of the mental of rocks. It includes the soil
that covers the rocks.
Most rocks are composed of minerals. Three types of
rocks are recognized by geologists: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of
magma. This solidification can occur at or below the
Earth's surface
Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification of
sediments or weather rock scrap.
Metamorphic rocks are created by the adjustment of
existing rocks by strong heat or pressure.
Living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported
by the lithosphere.










It contain the resources like minerals, organic &
inorganic matter and provide the foods to human being
and animals.
Soil is divided in 3 zones as per the depth increase.
1) Top soil layer is the index of quality and contain
max. bulk of organic mater and productivity. Typical
soil suitable for the agriculture contain the 5% of
organic and 95% in organic matter. Good soil is an
asset for the nation.
2) 2nd layer is known as sub soil and contain organic
matter + salt and clay partials split from top layer
3) 3rd layer is the parent rock from which the soil was
formed.







Minerals are generated through the weathering process
like rain ,wind, chemical & biological activities on
parent rocks while organic matter is due to plant
biomass and population of micro organisms
Lithosphere decompose the organic waste by the micro
organisms in the soil
It is important for the agriculture, industrialization
transportation etc. and various land forms of the
lithosphere is mountain, plateaus and plains

Elements of Highway Materials Properties and Highway Construction
Soil.

Soil :
Definition : According to IS : 2809-1972 . Soil is defined as
"Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of soil particles
produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks which
may or may not contain organic matter.
OR
The unconsolidated mineral of earth crust is known as soil.

Soil Classification System :
Following are four most commonly used soil classification
system in highway engineering.
Grain or particle size classification
Textural classification
Highway research board classification of soils
Indian standard soil classification.

1. Grain or particle size classification :
In this system the classification is based on sizes of soil grains.
According to which the soil is classified as gravel, sand, silt and clay.

2) Textural classification :
It is based on the particle size distribution where in soils are
classified on a triangular diagram.
A triangular diagram which relates percentages of the sand, silt
and clay fractions in the soil.
Fig. shows the most commonly used textural classification
chart prepared by the U.S. public roads administration.
The sizes of particles for sand, silt and clay are respectively
2 mm to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm to 0.005 mm and less than 0.005 mm.

3) Highway research board classification of soils :
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification system is also
known as Public Road Administration (PRA) classification system
or American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
classification system.
This system is mostly used for pavement construction.
In this classification system, the soils are divided into seven groups
A-l, A-2, ... .A-7 roughly in decreasing order of stability. Again these
groups are subdivided into other groups.
A characteristic group index is used to describe the performance of
the soil in particular group.
The higher the value of the group index, the poorer is the material
quality.
The group index depends on the following three factors.
(i)The amount of material passing through 75 micron IS sieve.
(ii)The liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit.
The value of group index varies from 0 to 20.
The Table can be used as a guide for knowing soil condition on
the basis of its group index.

4) Indian standard soil classification.

Testing of Soil Strength :
The various test used to determine the strength properties of
subgrade soil may be broadly divided into the following three groups :
Shear test
Bearing test
Penetration test

Function of Soil:
The soil as a highway sub grade serves the following functions :

To provide the support to the road pavement.
To provide good stability to the road pavement.

To provide good drainage to the rain water, percolating through
the road pavement.

BIOSPHERE:












It collectively covers the portion of Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
and Hydrosphere.
Extend from the lowest sea level to about 24 km in atmosphere.
Both Biosphere and environment have close interactions with
each other. All living organism interact with each other and
support their life.
Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere and
waste product in gaseous, liquid and solid forms are discharge
in biosphere.
Level of O2 & CO2 is depend on plant word and ultimately on
biosphere.
Biosphere is closely related to energy flow in the environment
and water chemistry.

IMPECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT:







Technological revolution is required for the growth of any
developing country like India. But it will damage the natural
environment.
The Development and use of Technology produce
1) Direct effect –direct impact are mainly related with use of
land removal of vegetation/forest, urban development,
Industrialization….Which, release of pollutants, affecting
human health
2)Indirect effect (Chain impact) -Interfere with the natural
ecological system like the control of pollution through natural
process.
-Global Warming
- Green House Effect
- Acid Rain
- Ozone layer Depletion.













Fossil fuel are use for power generation and for running
vehicles- pollution increase
Industries produce many products which increase the living
standards and also the pollution of all type.
Quantity of CO2 and other chemical component are increase
which create the health problems
Rivers are being polluted due the discharge of industrial waste
and sewage.
Disposable of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors create
major problems for human health.
Industrial waste pollute all the nature like soil, Drinking water
and air.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

Pollution

Population

Explosion

Exploitation

of Natural Resources

Disturbance

in Ecosystems

Waste

Generation

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
(MEN-ENVIRONMENT RELATION) :
know

and understand the environment

study

the problems affecting environment

Try

to give solution to these problems

Maintain

the progress of the country in harmony with environmen
in such a way that the community gets clean and hygienic air,
water and land to live.

OBJECTIVES OR WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS?
Study

and exploring the nature. (Awareness)

Technological

Practical

Post

developments.

applications and implementations. (Knowledge)

implementation impacts and problems.

Remedial

Means

measures and solution findings to the problems.

to conserve the nature and environment (Skills)

Prepared by,
Dhruvesh Patel

www.drdhruveshpatel.com
Image Source: www.google.com