Transcript Adjective Clauses 2 PPT
Slide 1
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 2
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 3
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 4
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 5
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 6
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 7
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 8
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 9
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 10
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 11
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 12
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 13
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 2
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 3
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 4
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 5
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 6
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 7
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 8
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 9
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 10
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 11
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 12
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)
Slide 13
Adjective Clauses
(aka relative clauses)
Part 2: with non-subject pronouns
Review:
Adjective clause: what is it?
Relative pronoun: what is it?
Example sentences:
Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
☞ Make a complex sentence with an adjective clause:
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Subject vs. Object
Subject: Amy Tan is a writer. She was born in California.
Amy Tan, who was born in California, is a writer.
Object: Amy Tan is a writer. I heard her on the radio.
Amy Tan, who(m) I heard on the radio, is a writer.
Object Relative Pronouns
Object relative pronouns include:
Who
Whom (formal)
That
Whose
For people, use “who” or “whom” or “that.”
“Whom” is more formal than “Who”
“Who” is more formal than “That”
For things, use “which” or “that.”
“Which” is more formal than “That”
Sometimes the relative pronoun is optional!
Not using the relative pronoun is the least formal option. This is only possible in
restrictive/identifying/necessary clauses You can’t leave out the relative pronoun in
nonrestrictive/nonidentifying/ “extra” clauses.
How it works:
Popo told An-Mei stories. An-mei could not understand
the stories.
“And she told me stories (that) I could not
understand.” (p. 14)
Huang Taitai was the mother of a boy. Lindo would be
forced to marry the boy.
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.” (p. 19)
A closer look:
This kind of adjective clause has a different order!
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
Look again:
“And she told me stories (that) I could not understand.”
(p. 14)
“With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy
(whom) I would be forced to marry.”
Placement
After the independent clause:
Necessary:
“I smiled, realizing it was the first time (that) I could
see the power of the wind.” (p. 22)
Necessary + Extra:
“I had real thoughts that no one could see, that no one
could ever take away from me.” (p.22)
NOTE: In the “necessary” clauses, the relative pronoun is optional. In
the “extra” clauses, you must always use the relative pronoun.
Placement
Inside the independent clause:
Necessary:
“Popo said aloud to all who could hear that my brother
and I were eggs laid by a stupid bird…” (p.14)
“Extra”:
Popo, with whom we lived, said aloud to all who could
hear… (most formal – preposition first in the clause)
Popo, who we lived with, said aloud to all who could
hear… (not as formal –preposition at the end of the clause)
Whose
They were the couple whose candle the servant watched.
She was the girl whose grandmother called her mother a
ghost.
“Whose” is not optional.
There are relative adverbs,
too.
Adjective clauses with relative adverbs follow similar
rules to adjective clauses with relative pronouns.
Instead of describing a noun, they tell us something
about place (when they begin with “where”) or
something about time (when they begin with “when”).
These clauses do not describe verbs.
When / That
That was a time. + I started to understand him at that time =
“That’s (a time) when I came to understand him.” (p.19)
Same meaning:
That was the time that I came to understand him.
☞
Tricky!
Be sure that the clause describes a noun, not a verb. If the clause describes a verb, it is an adverb clause!
“I watched this same movie when you did not come” (p. 18).
This modifies “watched”, not “movie”, so it is an adverb clause, not an adjective clause.
Where
She took my hand and led me to the sofa, where we
sat down together as though we did this every day.
(p.17)
Everyone turned to look at the door, where a woman
stood. (p.17)
Similarities to other Adj
Clauses
The object relative pronoun/relative adverb comes at the beginning
of the clause
Object relative pronouns don’t change based on number or gender
The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the subject of the
adjective clause (like clauses with “whose”)
Comma rules are the same: use them for “extra” information and
don’t use them for necessary information.
Don’t combine object pronouns with object relative pronouns in the
same clause
NO: “With her was Huang Taitai, the mother of the boy (whom) I would
be forced to marry him.” (p. 19)