Transcript CRFS Study
Slide 1
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 2
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 3
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 4
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 5
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 6
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 7
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 8
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 9
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 10
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 11
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 12
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 13
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 14
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 15
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 16
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 17
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 18
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 19
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 20
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 21
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 2
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 3
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 4
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 5
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 6
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 7
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 8
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 9
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 10
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 11
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 12
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 13
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 14
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 15
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 16
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 17
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 18
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 19
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 20
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer
Slide 21
CRFS Study
Force, Pressure, Flow & Volume
Force & Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical
Strain Gauge
Piezo-resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Optical
Mechanical Gauges
• Manometers
• Force summing devices
Strain Gauge
• Wire or foil which thins when stretched
• Resistance increases when stretched
• Usually used in pairs or groups of 4
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Diaphragm flex stretches some &
compresses others
• Increases sensitivity & linearity
• Full or half bridge
Piezo-resistive
• Semiconductor chip
• Resistance changes when flexed
• May include amplifiers
Capacitive
• Capacitance between diaphagm & 1 or
2 fixed plates
• Requires AC
• Limited by characteristics of gap
contents
Inductive
• Inductance changes produced by metal
diaphragm on 2 fixed coils
• Requires AC
Optical
• Light intensity varies with pressure
Pressure
• Absolute
Gauge
Differential
Flow
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fleisch pneumotach
Screen pneumotach
Pitot tube
Venturi / Orifice
Rotating vane
Mass Flow
Ultrasonic
Differentiation of volume
Reynold’s Number
Re
vs L
• vs - mean fluid velocity,
• L - characteristic length (equal to diameter 2r if a crosssection is circular),
• μ - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity,
• ν - kinematic fluid viscosity: ν = μ / ρ,
• ρ - fluid density.
Fleisch pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Screen pneumotach
• Resistive
• Linear
Pitot tube
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Venturi / Orifice
• Bernoulli equation
1
2
mv P
2
v
2P
Rotating vane
• Rotating air stream
• Low inertia follower
• Digital counter based
Mass Flow
• Thermal
Ultrasonic
• Doppler effect
• Accurate timing
Differentiation of volume
• Direct volume measurement
• Rate of change
Volume
•
•
•
•
Watersealed
Rolling seal
Bellows
Gasometer