Slide 1

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 2

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 3

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 4

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 5

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 6

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 7

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 8

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 9

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 10

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 11

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 12

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 13

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 14

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 15

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 16

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 17

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 18

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 19

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 20

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 21

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 22

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 23

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 24

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 25

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 26

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 27

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 28

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 29

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 30

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited


Slide 31

Interdependence &
Interaction
In Living Systems

Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body



Cells – 1st level of organization; the
basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that
perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, &
Epithelial




Organs – a group of tissues that
perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs
that work together to perform a
specific function

Interactions within the human
body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous

Cardiovascular

Digestive

Respiratory

Muscular

Skeletal

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Integumentary

Reproductive

Nervous
obtains and processes
information from the
body’s internal and
external environment
 directs most body
functions
 main components –
brain, spinal cord,
nerves


Dendrite

Axon
Cell
Body

Cardiovascular
Circulatory
 transports needed
materials to body
cells
 removes wastes
 main components –
heart, arteries, veins


Digestive
breaks down food and
absorbs the brokendown materials
 main components –







liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

Respiratory
gets oxygen into the
body
 removes carbon
dioxide
 main components –
trachea or windpipe,
lungs, diaphragm


Muscular & Skeletal
Muscular – enables the
body to move



–
–
–



Smooth: involuntary
(digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary
(movement)
Cardio: involuntary
(heart)

Skeletal – supports and
protects the body
Work together to
enable movement

Endocrine
produces chemicals
called hormones that
help control many
body processes
 main components –
glands and stomach,
pancreas (insulin),
and kidneys that
produce hormones


Excretory





removes wastes
helps regulate
water in the body
main components
– kidney and large
intestine

Immune
fights disease
 main components –
liver, lymph nodes,
blood, thymus
 Lymphocytes- white
blood cells


Integumentary


Skin– protects the body

keeps water inside
 helps sense the external environment


Reproductive


creates offspring



determines male and
female characteristics



main components–
ovaries, testes

Review



What is the largest organ in the human body?
–



What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
–



Cardiac

Where does the process of digestion begin?
–



Skin

In the mouth (saliva and chewing)

What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move
air called?
–

Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence




Interactions: organ systems work
together to do a specific job

Interdependence: organ systems
depend on each other and cannot
work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen

http://www.shands.org/
health/graphics/images/
en/9828.jpg

Respiratory – delivery of oxygen
and removal of carbon dioxide

 Trachea – tube connecting to
the
lungs
 Alveoli – round sacs in the
lung
 Moves oxygen from air to
blood
 Moves carbon dioxide
from blood to air

•Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
•Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
•Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION

BREATHING

physical

chemical

Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food
into simpler substances to be
used by body cells
 Mouth and stomach – begins
to break down food
 Small intestine – completes
the breakdown of food and
absorbs the nutrients
(absorbs through villi)
 Large intestine – undigested
food passes out of the body
as waste

Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food

Peristalsis- involuntary movement of
smooth muscles in the digestive tract
 Enables you to swallow food
 Within the stomach – food is churned and
squeezed, broken down into smaller
particles

Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular –
carries nutrients
absorbed through the
small intestine to the
blood
Nutrients are carried
throughout the body.

http://www.glogster.com/media/
2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg

small intestine
magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves







Muscular – produce movement by contracting or
shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your
body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and
nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to
cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes
carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review



Which organ systems interact to transport
oxygen? (3)
–



Which organ systems work together to get
nutrients to cells? (3)
–



Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular

Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular

Which systems allow us to move? (6)
–

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems

 Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts
function smoothly
 Homeostasis – process by which the body’s
internal environment is kept stable in spite of
changes in the external environment (body
balance)
 Negative Feedback
 One way in which living systems maintain internal
equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant
 Stay cool – sweating.
When you become warm,
you perspire. Heat comes
from the body out through
your sweat
 Shivering – muscles in
your body contract. This
requires energy which
generates heat to make
the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels
in the Blood
 Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose.
Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is
absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the
glucose and delivers it to cells.
 Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the
blood
 Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland
that affects the activity of a tissue or organ

 Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
 Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
 Diffusion – a process where substances move
back and forth through the cell membrane
o Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure

 Movement of water in cells
 Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
o (Selectively permeable allows some things through,
but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
 The concentration of water molecules in and out of
the cell helps determine whether water enters or
leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure
 Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance

 Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water
molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer
water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals
 Thirsty – animal drinks

 Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by
changing the concentration of water in the
urine they produce

Review


What does equilibrium mean?
–



Where is insulin produced?
–



Pancreas

What does insulin regulate
–



Balance

Glucose levels (blood sugar)

What type of pressure gives shape and
firmness to plants?
–

turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science


Credits:
–



Text: CSCOPE

Images:
–
–
–

Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited