Transcript ******************NC******OC**PC**QC**RC**SC**TC**UC**VC
Slide 1
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 2
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 3
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 4
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 5
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 6
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 7
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 8
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 9
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 10
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 11
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 12
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 13
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 14
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 15
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 16
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 17
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 18
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 19
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 20
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 21
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 22
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 23
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 24
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 25
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 26
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 27
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 28
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 29
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 30
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 31
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 32
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 33
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 34
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 35
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 36
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 37
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 38
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 39
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 40
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 41
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 42
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 43
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 44
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 45
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 46
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 47
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 48
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 49
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 50
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 51
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 52
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 53
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 54
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 55
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 56
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 57
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 58
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 59
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 60
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 61
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 62
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 63
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 2
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 3
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 4
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 5
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 6
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 7
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 8
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 9
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 10
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 11
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 12
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 13
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 14
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 15
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 16
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 17
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 18
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 19
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 20
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 21
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 22
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 23
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 24
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 25
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 26
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 27
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 28
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 29
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 30
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 31
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 32
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 33
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 34
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 35
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 36
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 37
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 38
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 39
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 40
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 41
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 42
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 43
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 44
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 45
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 46
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 47
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 48
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 49
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 50
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 51
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 52
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 53
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 54
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 55
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 56
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 57
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 58
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 59
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 60
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 61
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 62
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.
Slide 63
Cartilage Tissue
Dep. of Histology & Embryology
Fundamental tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Structure of cartilage tissue
Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells
Cartilage
tissue
Chondrocytes
Ground substance
Matrix
Fibers
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cavities where
the chondrocytes are
located.
Isogenous
group
Chondrocytes often
appear in groups.
Golgi complex
RER
Nucleus
Cartilage capsule
Function of chondrocytes
To synthesize
and secrete extracellular
matrix, including
ground substance and
fibers.
Matrix
Ground
substance
Proteoglycan
water
Cartilage capsule
Fibers
Cartilage matrix
Ⅱ
Classification of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Much type II collagen, in the form
of fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Abundant network of fine elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Dense network of type I collagen
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fresh hyaline cartilage tissue is
bluish-white and translucent. It is rich in
type II collagen, in the form of fibrils.
In the embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton
until it is gradually replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage tissue
In adult mammals, hyaline
cartilage is located :
in the articular surfaces of
the movable joints;
in the walls of large
respiratory passage;
in the ventral ends of ribs;
in the epiphyseal plate.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue
Fresh elastic cartilage
tissue has a yellowish color
owing to the presence of elastin
in the elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage is located
in the auricle of the ear;
in the walls of the external
auditory canals;
in the auditory tubes, the
epiglottis, and the
cuneiform cartilage in the
larynx.
Chondrocytes
Elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue is
rich in collagen type I.
Numerous collagen fibers either
form irregular bundles
between the groups of
chondrocytes or are alined in
a parallel arrangement along
the columns of chondrocytes.
Fibrocartilage is located:
in the articular disc;
in the intervertebral disc;
in the symphysis pubis.
Chondrocytes
Collagenous fibers
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
Cartilage
Perichondrium
Perichondrium
It is a layer of dense
connective tissue.
It is rich in collagen type I
fibers and contains numerous
fibroblasts.
It is essential
growth and
maintenance
for the
of
cartilage.
Perichondrium
Cartilage growth and regeneration
1. Appositional Growth:
growth happens between the
perichondrium and previously
formed cartilage.
2. Interstitial Growth:
growth results in the
expension of cartilage from within.
Functions of cartilage
To
bear
mechanical
stresses
without permanent distortion.
To support soft tissue.
To be a shock-absorbing and
sliding areafor joints and
facilitate bone movements.
To be essential for the
development and growth of long
bones both before and after
birth.
Summary
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Ⅰ Structure of cartilage tissue
Cells chondrocytes
Cartilage
tissue
Ground substance
Matrix
proteoglycan
water
Fibres
Cartilage tissue + Perichondrium
= Cartilage
Ⅱ Classification of cartilage tissue
Based on the type of the fibrous
component in the matrix, cartilage
tissue consists of three types:
Hyaline cartilage tissue:
collagenous fibrils
Elastic cartilage tissue: elastic
fibers
Fibrocartilage tissue:
collagenous fibers
Assignment
According to the contents of this
chapter, consider a question :
How the chondrocytes are nourished?
Bone
The hard, calcified tissue of
the skeleton of vertebrate
animals
Overview of bone
Classification of bone
Histogenesis of bone tissue
Overview of bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue.
Cells
Extracellular matrix:
mineralization
Functions of bone
Support: Provides attachment for
tendons of skeletal muscles
Protection: Protects internal organs
Storage: calcium ,phosphate
1. Matrix
Organic matter
Type I Collagen: 90%
Ground substance: 10%
Inorganic matter
The inorganic matter is calcium phosphate in the
form of hydroxyapatite crystle [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
2. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cell
-- Resting cell that can transform
into osteoblast.
-- Found on the external and
internal surfaces of bones.
-- Only bone cells that undergoes
cell division (mitosis), daughter
cells becomes osteoblasts
osteoblast
-- secretes organic compounds for
bone matrix.
-- located at the surfaces of bone.
-- cuboidal, columnal or polygonal
shape & basophilic cytoplasm
Event that occur during intramembranous
ossification. Osteoblasts are synthesizing collagen,
which forms a strand of matrix that traps cells. as
this occur, the osteoblasts gradually differentiate to
become osteocytes. The lower part of the drawing
shows an osteoblast being trapped in newly formed
bone matrix.
osteocyte
Mature cell and is enclosed
by bone matrix, lying in a
space called bone lacunae and
its cytoplasmic processes
through the fine tunnels
termed bone canaliculi.
Photomicrograph
of dried bone
ground very thin.
The lacunae and
canaliculi filled
with air deflect
the light and
appear dark,
showing the
communication
between these
structures
through which
nutrients derived
from blood
vessels flow.
Schematic
drawing of 2
osteocytes and
part of haversian
system. Collagen
fibers of
contiguous
lamellae are
sectioned at
different angles.
note the
numerous
canaliculi that
permit
communication
between lacunae
and with the
haversian canals.
osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption.
rest directly on bone where
resorption is taking place.
phagocytotic cells derived from bone
marrow.
multinucleated giant involved in
resorption & remodeling of bone
tissue.
Section showing 2 osteoclast (arrow)
digesting bone tissue. The osteoclast
is a large cell with several nuclei and
a ruffled border close to the bone
matrix.
3. Structure of long bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
1 periosteum, 2 medullary canal containing marrow, 3
compact bone, 4 cancellous bone, 5 epiphyseal line, 6
epiphysis, 7 haversian system, 8 Volkmann's canal, 9
haversian canal, 10 canaliculus, 11 osteocyte, 12
metaphysis, 13 diaphysis, 14 lacuna containing osteocy
Bone tissue may be classified as
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
Compact bone
--has no cavities.
--forms the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
Functional Unit
is the Osteon
or Haversian
System—
concentric
rings of
lamellae
around a
Central Canal,
with connecting
Peripheral
Canals
Microscopic examination of structure of compact
bone shows
Lamellae are arranged in 3
patterns
1. Circumferential lamellae
2. Haversian systems or osteons
3. Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann’s canals
penetrate the bone from
the periosteal & endosteal
surface, these runs
perpendicularly to long
axis of bone
Schematic
drawing of the
wall of a long
bone diaphysis
showing 3 types
of lamellar bone,
haversian system
and outer and
inner
circumferential
lamellae.
Spongy bone
--has numerous interconnecting
cavities.
--forms the interior of the bone.
-- mainly occurs at the end, or
epiphysis of a long bone.
--Varying no. of parallely
arranged
lamellae &
osteocytes constitute the
tarbecule, which branch &
intersect
Periosteum
Special dense CT which covers
the bone all except articulating
surface.
Two layers:
Outer- is dense and fibrous
Inner- adjacent to bone, loose
more vascular & cellular
Endosteum
Thin CT layer lining the
marrow cavity,which covers
the surface of trabecule.
Histogenesis
Bone tissue develop from
mesenchyme during gestation
Intramembranous ossification:
Flat bone, occurs directly within a membrane
of primary CT
Endochondral ossification :
Short and long bone Takes place within a
pre-existing cartilaginous model
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
Photomicrog
raph of the
epiphyseal
plates,
showing its 5
zones, the
changes that
take place in
the cartilage,
and the
formation of
bone.
Summary
Matrix:
organic matter, inorganic matter and a
little water
Cells
osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and
osteoclast
Structure of long bones
periosteum and endosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis
ossification
Questions
1.Review the structure of bone.
2.What’s the function of cartilage?
3.Describe the two processes of
ossification.