Transcript Lecture 3 - Suraj @ LUMS
Slide 1
Introduction to Computing
CS 101
Autumn 2004
Slide 2
Chapter 1
Introduction to Computing
Slide 3
Power of 2
o Prize request for inventing Chess
One grain of rice on the first box of chessboard and
keep on doubling in successive boxes
o Money Game
I pay you Rs 10,000 everyday for 30 days. You start
with 1 paisa on the 1st day but will double the amount
every day for 30 days.
o 10,000 x 30 = 300,000 rupees = Rs 0.3 M
o 230-1 ~ 10.7 x 108 paisas
= RS 10.7 M
Slide 4
Computer Architecture
Arithmetic Logic Unit
ALU
CPU
Control Unit
CU
Datapath
Input/Output
Memory
Slide 5
Memory Organization
Address
Data/Instructions
0
1
2
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
8 bits = 1 byte
65534
65535
65536
• 64 Kilo byte RAM = 64 x 1024 = 65,536 bytes of RAM
• Needs 16 address lines
Slide 6
Memory Addresses
Address Lines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Memory Locations
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
65536
131072
262144
524288
1048576
2097152
4194304
=1 K
=2 K
=4 K
=8 K
=16 K
=32 K
=64 K
=128 K
=256 K
=512 K
=1 M
=2 M
=4 M
Slide 7
Address & Data Bus
16 lines for 64K
memory
Address
Bus
Memory
CPU
8 lines for a byte
of data transfer
Data Bus
Slide 8
Software
o Set of instructions for the computer.
A=5
B=3
C = A+B
Print C on the terminal
o Execution
•
•
•
•
•
A, B, and C are mapped into 3 memory locations
Contents of A & B are set to 5 & 3 respectively
Contents of A & B are brought into CPU & added
Result is saved in C
Content of C are displayed on the terminal
Slide 9
Program Execution
Memory
C=A+B
Address
Content
0000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx
0000 0000 0000 0001
…
CPU
0000 0101
0000 0011
0000 1000
0000 0000
0110
0010 0000 1000
1100
0011
0010
…
0000 0010 0000 0010 0000 0101
…
…
A
C
0000 1100 0000 1000 0000 1000
Address Bus
…
…
B
0110 0000 0000 0011 0000 0011
1
0
…
1111 1111 1111 1111
0101
0000 0011
Data Bus
…
Slide 10
What is right with B=B+A?
Memory
B=A+B
Address
Content
0000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx
0000 0000 0000 0001
…
CPU
0000 0101
0000 0011
0000
0010 0000 0011
0010
0110 0000
0000 1000
…
A
0000 0010 0000 0010 0000 0101
…
…
0000 1100 0000 1000
…
…
…
B
10
0110 0000 0000 0011 0000
00001000
0011
…
…
1111 1111 1111 1111
0101
0000 1000
0011
Slide 11
Computer Languages
o MACHINE CODE
o ASSEMBLY
o ADA, FORTRAN, BASIC
o PASCAL, LISP
o C, C++
Must for CS/CE/EE
CS 101
o Visual BASIC
Slide 12
Operating System
o Software that
efficiently utilizes computer resources
resolves issues among various computer
processes
Competing processes
Cooperating processes
Slide 13
Microprocessor History: 8080
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Designer
Introduction date
Introduction speed
Maximum speed
Cache
Transistor count
Manufacturing process
Intel
April 1974
2 MHz
3 MHz
6000
6 micron
http://www.cpu-info.com
Slide 14
Microprocessor History:
Pentium III
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Designer
Introduction date
Introduction speed
Maximum speed
Cache
Transistor count
Manufacturing process
Intel
Aug. 1999
450 MHz
1400 MHz
512 Kb
9,500,000
0.25 & 0.18
micron
http://www.cpu-info.com
http://www.cpu-info.com
Slide 15
Motherboard
CPU
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/06/30/pentium_4_in_pictures/
Slide 16
Pin outlay of Pentium
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/06/30/pentium_4_in_pictures/
Slide 17
Pentium 4: From Inside
Slide 18
Pentium 4
o 90, 130 nm Technology
o 2.8 – 3.8 GHz
1/2000th of human hair
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 19
Technology Trend
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 20
Technology Trend
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 21
From Sand to Pentium
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 22
Speed
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 23
Why technology?
o Government of Pakistan plans to spend Rs.
903 Billion (about US$ 15.6 Billion) in 2004
– 2005 budget
@
1 US$ = 58 PKR
o Intel generated US$ 20 Billion in 2003
Introduction to Computing
CS 101
Autumn 2004
Slide 2
Chapter 1
Introduction to Computing
Slide 3
Power of 2
o Prize request for inventing Chess
One grain of rice on the first box of chessboard and
keep on doubling in successive boxes
o Money Game
I pay you Rs 10,000 everyday for 30 days. You start
with 1 paisa on the 1st day but will double the amount
every day for 30 days.
o 10,000 x 30 = 300,000 rupees = Rs 0.3 M
o 230-1 ~ 10.7 x 108 paisas
= RS 10.7 M
Slide 4
Computer Architecture
Arithmetic Logic Unit
ALU
CPU
Control Unit
CU
Datapath
Input/Output
Memory
Slide 5
Memory Organization
Address
Data/Instructions
0
1
2
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
8 bits = 1 byte
65534
65535
65536
• 64 Kilo byte RAM = 64 x 1024 = 65,536 bytes of RAM
• Needs 16 address lines
Slide 6
Memory Addresses
Address Lines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Memory Locations
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
65536
131072
262144
524288
1048576
2097152
4194304
=1 K
=2 K
=4 K
=8 K
=16 K
=32 K
=64 K
=128 K
=256 K
=512 K
=1 M
=2 M
=4 M
Slide 7
Address & Data Bus
16 lines for 64K
memory
Address
Bus
Memory
CPU
8 lines for a byte
of data transfer
Data Bus
Slide 8
Software
o Set of instructions for the computer.
A=5
B=3
C = A+B
Print C on the terminal
o Execution
•
•
•
•
•
A, B, and C are mapped into 3 memory locations
Contents of A & B are set to 5 & 3 respectively
Contents of A & B are brought into CPU & added
Result is saved in C
Content of C are displayed on the terminal
Slide 9
Program Execution
Memory
C=A+B
Address
Content
0000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx
0000 0000 0000 0001
…
CPU
0000 0101
0000 0011
0000 1000
0000 0000
0110
0010 0000 1000
1100
0011
0010
…
0000 0010 0000 0010 0000 0101
…
…
A
C
0000 1100 0000 1000 0000 1000
Address Bus
…
…
B
0110 0000 0000 0011 0000 0011
1
0
…
1111 1111 1111 1111
0101
0000 0011
Data Bus
…
Slide 10
What is right with B=B+A?
Memory
B=A+B
Address
Content
0000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx
0000 0000 0000 0001
…
CPU
0000 0101
0000 0011
0000
0010 0000 0011
0010
0110 0000
0000 1000
…
A
0000 0010 0000 0010 0000 0101
…
…
0000 1100 0000 1000
…
…
…
B
10
0110 0000 0000 0011 0000
00001000
0011
…
…
1111 1111 1111 1111
0101
0000 1000
0011
Slide 11
Computer Languages
o MACHINE CODE
o ASSEMBLY
o ADA, FORTRAN, BASIC
o PASCAL, LISP
o C, C++
Must for CS/CE/EE
CS 101
o Visual BASIC
Slide 12
Operating System
o Software that
efficiently utilizes computer resources
resolves issues among various computer
processes
Competing processes
Cooperating processes
Slide 13
Microprocessor History: 8080
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Designer
Introduction date
Introduction speed
Maximum speed
Cache
Transistor count
Manufacturing process
Intel
April 1974
2 MHz
3 MHz
6000
6 micron
http://www.cpu-info.com
Slide 14
Microprocessor History:
Pentium III
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Designer
Introduction date
Introduction speed
Maximum speed
Cache
Transistor count
Manufacturing process
Intel
Aug. 1999
450 MHz
1400 MHz
512 Kb
9,500,000
0.25 & 0.18
micron
http://www.cpu-info.com
http://www.cpu-info.com
Slide 15
Motherboard
CPU
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/06/30/pentium_4_in_pictures/
Slide 16
Pin outlay of Pentium
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/06/30/pentium_4_in_pictures/
Slide 17
Pentium 4: From Inside
Slide 18
Pentium 4
o 90, 130 nm Technology
o 2.8 – 3.8 GHz
1/2000th of human hair
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 19
Technology Trend
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 20
Technology Trend
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 21
From Sand to Pentium
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 22
Speed
ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/Josh_Fab_24_061404.pdf
Slide 23
Why technology?
o Government of Pakistan plans to spend Rs.
903 Billion (about US$ 15.6 Billion) in 2004
– 2005 budget
@
1 US$ = 58 PKR
o Intel generated US$ 20 Billion in 2003