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Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
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TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

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Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 2

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 3

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 4

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 5

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 6

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 7

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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48

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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49

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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50

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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71

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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73

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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83

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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86

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 8

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
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any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 9

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 10

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 11

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 12

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 13

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 14

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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73

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 15

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 16

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 17

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 18

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 19

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 20

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 21

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 22

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 23

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 24

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 25

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 26

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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35

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 27

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 28

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 29

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 30

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 31

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 32

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 33

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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35

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 34

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 35

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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48

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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49

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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73

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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86

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 36

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

2

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 37

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 38

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 39

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 40

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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37

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 41

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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41

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 42

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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90


Slide 43

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 44

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 45

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 46

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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31

06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 47

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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37

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 48

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 49

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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90


Slide 50

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 51

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 52

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 53

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 54

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 55

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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90


Slide 56

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
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TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

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Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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90


Slide 57

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 58

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 59

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 60

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 61

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 62

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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48

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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71

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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83

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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86

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 63

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
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any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 64

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 65

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 66

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 67

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 68

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 69

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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73

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 70

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 71

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 72

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 73

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 74

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 75

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 76

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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70

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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73

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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83

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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86

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 77

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 78

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 79

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 80

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 81

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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35

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 82

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 83

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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72

WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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74

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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82

06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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85

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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86

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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87

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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88

06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

89

06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

90


Slide 84

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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84

Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 85

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 86

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 87

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 88

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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35

06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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38

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 89

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

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FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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Slide 90

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
Click anywhere on page to view show in its entirety

TRAINING
FIRELINE
 Jarrell Farms Residence Fire
 “Quick Calls”
HANDS-ON
 WMD Drill Preparation:
CBIRF & CST
(expanded segment)
 Quiz

Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

FIRE MEDICS
 Ride-along: Alcoholic
with Abdominal Pain
 Quiz
EVOLUTIONS 2000
 Kramer vs. Kramer
 Program Quiz Answers

1

Working Fire Training
06-10 Training Materials
LEGAL DISCLAIMER

TRAINING

All training methods and procedures presented in this Working Fire Training (WFT) video program and training
materials are based on IFSTA, NFPA, NIOSH, OSHA and all other relevant industry regulations and standards and
are presented as a part of generally accepted and acknowledged practices in the U.S. Fire Service. WFT should be
used under the supervision of certified trainers in conjunction with national, state, and local training standards and
protocols, and the standard operating guides and procedures of the Subscriber. WFT is intended to be an ancillary
source of training information and should not be used as the sole source of training for any emergency service
organization. WFT accepts no responsibility for how the Subscriber implements or integrates this program into the
Subscriber’s own training program, nor does the use of this program by the Subscriber imply that WFT approves or
endorses any specific training methods presented by the Subscriber to its own organization. WFT accepts no
responsibility for the correct understanding or application of its training methods and procedures by emergency
service personnel who view this program; nor for any performance or lack of performance by emergency service
personnel who may view this program and use or apply these training methods and procedures incorrectly; nor does
it accept any liability for injuries or deaths of emergency service personnel who may view this program and use or
apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly. By presenting this program for viewing to its organization’s
members, the Subscriber, and by viewing or reading materials presented by WFT, the members and students of the
Subscriber, agree to hold harmless WFT, the University of Cincinnati, VFIS, and any persons or organizations who
participate in the creation and/or presentation of this training material from any legal action which might result from
any line-of-duty injuries or deaths of the Subscriber’s members or any other emergency service personnel who view
this program and who may use or apply such training methods and procedures incorrectly.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

RESPONSE
 Upon arrival there was heavy fire extending from the
attached garage to the second floor and into the attic
area.


There were many residents and onlookers.
Responders made sure that no residents were injured
and that there were no occupants inside.



Fire police were on scene and pointed out hydrants to
incoming units.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 I.C. knew from previous experience that the
residences in this area were of truss roof
construction - and this residence had suffered
significant structural damage. Safety of entering
crews was a big concern.


Accountability was set up immediately. This
became important as the fire went to multiple
alarms and additional firefighters arrived on scene.
– The additional alarms also brought additional officers,
allowing for placement of them on both sides of the
residence.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 With a 3500-4000 square foot structure (which had
a wall collapse in the rear), the additional
supervision helped maintain safety and
accountability.
– One officer saw the wall was going to collapse and moved
firefighters out of the way in time.


RIT was maintained in place and then later was
redeployed for other assignments after the fire was
knocked down.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 The initial first-in crew was ordered out when it look
like the fire was overtaking them. The command was
given to go defensive.
– While going defensive with a water pipe, mutual aid arrived
and was deployed to the rear of the structure with another
master stream.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

COMMAND
 IC talked to the homeowners as to whether they
needed medical attentions and about contents of the
garage, concerned about additional flammables and/or
hazardous materials.
– A car, two riding mowers, and gasoline cans were all visible.
The homeowner also said there was spray paint and similar
miscellaneous items.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Crews had adequate water supply and pulled lines
from the first truck (19-3) on-scene.


A fire attack crew made entry in an attempt to cut off
the fire.
– They were ordered out when they couldn't make headway.



Tactics changed to master streams from their ladder
tower fed by 19-3.



A mutual aid company arrived and laid hose in from a
second hydrant at the entrance of the neighborhood; it
set up another water pipe in the rear.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

STRATEGY & TACTICS
 Firefighters took a handline off 19-3 to cover a nearby
exposure that was becoming affected by radiant heat.


As the bulk of the fire was knocked down, handlines
were brought to bear on areas that the water pipes
could not reach.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EMS
 It was a hot day and Rehab became an important
function.


Many firefighters were used because of the heat and
paramedics from local EMS and nearby mutual aid
companies provided staffing. Neighbors were
supportive and provided their yards where shade trees
assisted the Rehab effort.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 The initial fire attack crew was only in for a few minutes
when it looked like the fire had come over the top of
the firefighters. They backed out.


A first-in truck went defensive with a water tower.



Mutual aid arrived and set up with an aerial in the rear.



There was a car in the driveway whose gas tank
ruptured. It was leaking gas which created a trail of fire
leading to the edge of the property. It was
extinguished.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

EVENTS
 Radiant heat presented a problem with exposures;
firefighters used a handline to protect a nearby
residence.
 There was a wall collapse at the rear of the structure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

REMARKS
 One of the things that surprised the IC was that it was
a weekend and the residence was occupied.
– Between the time the homeowner saw smoke in the garage
and fire department arrival nine minutes later, there was a lot
of fire in the residence on every floor (2-3 stories); this was a
large structure.


The home was a total loss. It was believed the fire was
started by a hot lawnmower in the attached garage just
after mowing.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Knowing the jurisdiction was a great benefit on this
incident.
– Firefighters knew it was an area covered by hydrants in close
proximity and which were in good condition.


Knowing the construction of the residences in the
neighborhood is important.
– Truss roof construction; IC knew the trusses wouldn't last long,
making collapse an issue.



IC should understand that there's a little bit of chaos at
every incident. He had great support from mutual aid
chiefs on scene.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

LESSONS LEARNED
 Engineered wood, with its possible risk of emitting toxic
fumes when burned, was also used in the construction of
these homes.
CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Engineered Wood
– A general term for new composite woods being used more and
more in construction.


Many of the adhesives in this kind of wood contain
formaldehyde!
– It will release formaldehyde in the finished product - which will
assuredly happen during combustion.

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Fireline Incident:
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire

CONSTRUCTION NOTE
 Here are three types:
– Phenol-formaldehyde resins are a yellow-brown adhesive,
commonly used in exterior exposure products.
– Melamine-Formaldehyde is a white, heat-and-water-resistant
resin, often used in exposed services in more costly designs.
– Urea-Formaldehyde is non-waterproof and the cheapest and
most commonly used.



Firefighters won't always know which type they're
dealing with.
If you suspect engineered wood is burning in the
structure, always wear your SCBA!

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Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
“Quick Calls” is a back again this month. We’ll show
you a video clip of some fire or emergency incident and
give you some details about it. You discuss it within the
department and then Chief Bill Kramer, WFT’s
educational consultant, will give his thoughts on
handling the incidents. You may or may not agree, but
either way, it’s more exposure to an incident that your
department could run into. So let’s get prepared!

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 A building scaffold along side the building gives way,
leaving one of the workers, perhaps a window
washer, stranded on the ledge of the building.


Firefighters come to his aid by removing the window
glass to gain access to the ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 The worker gestures to the firefighter to wait while he
unhooks his safety line.


He hands the safety line to the rescuer and then
takes the hand of the rescuer who helps him off the
ledge.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 There was a point in the transfer when the worker
was untethered.
 What if the worker had stumbled during the transfer?
 What if it had been windy? The worker could have
lost his balance.
 Even just being 4 feet away, being secured to nothing
stable, the worker might even have involved the
rescuers, perhaps taking one of them with him, had
he fallen.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 As you probably already know, things can go south in
the blink of an eye.
 Would it have been safer if the rescuers had rigged a
safety line with a firm anchor point?
 The worker was wearing a safety harness which
could have been hooked to the safety line.
– If the harness was not up to code, or had the worker not
been wearing one, there was sufficient time to harness him
and hook him into some kind of haul system were he to fall.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #1 – WORKER STRANDED ON LEDGE
KRAMER’S APPROACH
 A good outcome of this rescue. But there was a
problem. There was a point when the worker was
untethered.


The key point is to make sure that one safety line is
in place on the victim before another is removed.
That way, if the firefighters or the victim loses footing,
we don't lose our victim.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s tough to see, but the aerial is extended low over
the fire, right above a window or a vent that flames
out.


It’s hard to get perspective on distance, but
compared to the other aerial positioned to the left, it
appears that the aerial with the firefighter on the
ladder might be too low.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 It’s also not clear why the firefighter was where he
was.
– It looks like he was already moving down the ladder when
the flame-out occurred. Fortunately, the firefighter appears to
be unhurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 Could this incident have been avoided?


Was the ladder too low to the fire for present
conditions?
– Or was the apparatus placed too far away, thereby lowering
the angle of the ladder, bringing it too close to the fire?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 It’s hard to know, but do the firefighters on the other
aerial bear any responsibility for warning of the
proximity of the aerial to the fire?


Has the structure of the ladder itself been
compromised from the flames? What are your SOGs
for ladder maintenance?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #2 – “FIREFIGHTER FRICASSEE”
KRAMER’S APPROACH




A close call on the aerial ladder with a firefighter almost
incinerated. I don't really have too much of a problem with
the proximity of the aerial ladder to the fire itself. To do our
jobs right in the fire service, sometimes we have to get
close to the fire.
The key, however, is to wear protective clothing, have
good safety procedures, and have that aerial operator on
the turntable ready to move that ladder in a hurry. And
there are safety considerations before we ever get to the
fire: testing the aerial regularly and making sure our
equipment works. Those are the keys in this incident.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 Witnesses said the man on the roof had been waving
and shouting to cars and people in the street.


The rescuers’ concern is that the man on the roof
may jump.



A rescuer approaches the man from the rear,
apparently without warning, and attempts to grab
him.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
SIZE-UP/EVENTS
 We don’t know whether the rescuer was commanded
to attempt a rescue or if Incident Command was
aware of his intentions.


An autopsy revealed that the man on the roof was
clean of alcohol or drugs. This tragic event is still
under investigation, but what can we learn from it?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 – FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
QUESTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS
 First, should the rescuer have attempted to grab
him? Should he have been commanded to do so?


Should the police or a negotiator have dealt with him
first?



Should the rescuer at least have been harnessed
and rigged to a safety line?



What is your SOG for a rescue situation like this?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident:
“Quick Calls”
QUICK CALL #3 –
FAILED RESCUE ATTEMPT
KRAMER’S APPROACH





In hindsight, we might say a rescue harness might
have worked. Giving more time for negotiating might
have worked - very true.
I think we have to give an "A" for effort to the individual
who felt that he would be successful.
But because of the outcome, we have to issue a failing
grade to the fire department.

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06-10 Training Materials

Fireline Incident Discussion
The departments involved in this month’s
training pose some discussion questions
that you can use as discussion-starters in
your own department’s training sessions.
How will your department handle these
scenarios?

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Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


Being familiar with the neighborhood helped our
department get going in a hurry once we arrived on
scene. Knowing hydrant locations was a big help.
– Does your department preplan hydrant locations in residential
areas?

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


The speed of this fire was very impressive. A fire that
burns quickly quickens the tempo of incident command
decisions as well.
– You must be sure that the speed of the fire won’t move faster
than the time it takes to execute the command decisions you
make. Anticipation and thinking two steps ahead are really
important in such a case.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


This fire happened on a weekend when family
members were home.
– Therefore, the accountability of occupants is critical as the
likelihood of an occupant being overcome and left behind in the
house is high.
– Find out who is home as quickly as possible. Surveying
neighbors might help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
Jarrell Farms Residence Fire / Hockessin, DE
Deputy Chief Drew Outten, Hockessin (DE) Fire
Department


A fire starting from a hot lawnmower is a longshot, but
it’s obviously possible as this fire indicates. This might
be a good point to add to any training or briefing you
give to citizens regarding fire safety in the home.

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Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati




Regarding rescues, always make sure rescuers and
victims are harnessed and/or anchored. It’s the best
way to protect against the unexpected or unpredictable.
Operating aerial ladders is a technique to be
developed.
– Part of the challenge is observation of fire behavior and
anticipating if changes in fire conditions will impact what’s
happening with the aerial.
– Adjustments to aerials aren’t instantaneous -- that’s why
anticipation of conditions can get a change or adjustment
underway early.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fireline Incident Discussion
“Quick Calls”
Chief & Professor Bill Kramer, Open Learning Fire
Science Program, University of Cincinnati


This failed rescue attempt is very troubling. Without
further information, it appears that this might be a
classic case of freelancing -- though we don’t know if
this attempt had been approved by IC.
– The mindset for any rescuer should be (just like in Quick Call
#1 this month), “If I fail, what’s the worst that can happen?”
“What’s my fall-back position or Plan B?”
– Wearing a well-anchored harness is good start.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After watching this segment, the student shall understand:
 the structure and function of CBIRF and CST
 how these teams are mobilized and how they integrate
with local first responders.
CODES, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS


This training is relevant as established by Nunn-LugarDomenici legislation, Presidential Decision Directives 39 and
62, and eventually Defense Reform Initiative Directive 25.
Also NFPA 471, Hazardous Materials Incident Response.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
WMD Acronyms
CBIRF = Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
DOD = Department of Defense
CBRNE = Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear or highly Explosive
SEMA = State Emergency Management Agency
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency
CST = Civil Support Teams
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
ESO = Emergency Services Officer
IRF = Incident Response Force
NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical
TBI = Total Body Irradiation
FPL = Force Protection Lane
HUO = Hazardous Unexploded Ordnance
WMD = Weapons of Mass Destruction
SMES = Subject Matter Experts ( pronounced “Smeez”)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– CBIRF (Chemical Biological Incident Response Force) is a
Department of Defense (DOD) organization that provides
local first responders with a CBRNE (Chemical Biological
Radioactive Nuclear or high-yield Explosion) capability.
– CBIRF typically pre-stages for high-level security events
in case of CBRNE attack and assist federal, state, and
local entities for mass-casualty decon, extraction,
detection and identification of any hazards, and postmitigation of high-yield explosive events.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Description & Function
– During a large event (Oklahoma
City bombing, the World Trade Center collapse, etc.)
CBIRFs can come in and provide local continuation of
effort for local department responders.
– After six hours on scene, first responders will need
relief and if mutual aid is already committed, CBIRFs
can provide that continuity.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Path
– To have CBIRF respond and render assistance, a local
jurisdiction would have to contact their SEMA (State
Emergency Management Agency) office who would go to
FEMA who would go to the Department of Defense.
– From there it would come down through the Commander
of the U.S. Northern Command, who would task CBIRF
directly.
– CBIRF, in turn, would provide support out of the UnderSecretary of Defense, Homeland Security Branch of the
Pentagon.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Time
– In a realistic scenario, it would take four to six hours for
the request to run through the chain of command,
assuming there are no delays.
– However, there are a number of MOUs (Memoranda of
Understanding) in place with strategic partners which
expedite the timeline.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Different from CST (Civil Support Teams)
– CSTs specialize in detection and identification capability
with limited decontamination ability.
– They are basically state property and the governor can
mobilize CSTs within his state's borders nearly at any
time.
– CBRFs are more robust and still must be mobilized
through the federal chain of command described above.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Upon notification of an incident response need, CBIRF
Command issues a Command Recall. Members have two
hours to respond for:
– an accountability muster
– a last-minute gear check
– receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
– have their medical vital signs taken (any time they don
their PPE)
– receive appropriate medicants assuming there is
knowledge of which chemical agent is involved, gained
from the first responders on scene.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– Once the vehicles are loaded, the team is ready to "punch
out."
– First, however, an assessment team will leave about a
half-hour in advance of the rest of the team to get briefed
by the Incident Commander so the rest of the team can be
briefed upon its arrival.


The Mission Commander, the senior Marine in charge, and
the Emergency Services Officer (ESO) inform the team where
to set up and what the mission is.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Response Procedure
– The chain of command starts with the Mission
Commander, to the Incident Response Force (IRF)
Commander, to the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC)
officer, to the team members themselves.

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48

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Full Site: TBI (Total Body Irradiation) tents dedicated to:







non-ambulatory casualties
those who have to be stretchered in
an ambulatory tent for those walking wounded who have
contaminated themselves down-range but still have the
ability to process themselves
an FPL (Force Protection Lane) tent/site dedicated to
CBIRF, CST, and local responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Deployment
– Half Site:





One tent with one roller system to handle the
non-ambulatory casualties
One shower system to handle ambulatory casualties
One FPL as mentioned above.

– Another deployment involves an HUO (Hazardous
Unexploded Ordnance) Lift Package where no tents
are used.


It's basically a Half Site in a much larger area and all
three (ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and an FPL) all go
inside the same containment area.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– The primary decontamination sources are bleach
solutions:




A 5% solution that's mostly used for gear decon or the
outside of clothing
A 0.5% solution used on skin or incidental contact between
the responder's outer clothing or PPE and exposed skin.

– Secondary Sources


Based on the scenario and the contaminant in question, they
can also use:
– plain hot soap and water
– a sodium bicarbonate solution (basically, a baking soda
solution that can decontaminate)

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Decon -- Agents
– Secondary Sources


Dry decontamination can also be used, primarily in radiological
events, which consists of an adhesive material which will pull
those particles off the exposed skin and clothing.
– i.e., alpha and beta particles which will stick to the outside of the
skin.

– Other factors help determine what solutions are used:




Some chemical agents are water-reactive and won't allow water
to be used on the site.
Other chemicals might react to the chlorine that's used in bleach
which would determine the use of hot and soapy water.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, various
chemical agent monitors might be used:





Chemical: a multi-ray system, such as the PGM-50
Radiological: the ANPD-77, or a similar hand-held device, the
VDR-2
Chemical detection paper:
– M8 paper will detect Nerve-VX, Mustard-H and Nerve-G gases,
including Sarin GB, Tabun GA and Soman GD. It will identify the
agent class with different color dots: Yellow for Nerve G, Red for
Blister H and Green for Nerve-V.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 Monitoring Agents
– Depending upon the type of agents present, the various
chemical agent monitors might be used:


Chemical detection paper:
– M9 paper is used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
aerosols, including Nerve-G, Nerve-VX, and Mustard-H gases. It will
turn pink, red, reddish-brown, or red-purple when it detects a liquid
agent in the air.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– Decon Team Leader:


Stays on the cold-zone side of the vapor control line separating
the cold zone from the warm zone. The Team Leader controls
everything from that point.

– An ambulatory decon line within one of the tents where
patients can walk and process themselves.






This line only needs one marine to stand out in front as a
control measure:
to make sure patients are staying in the showers long enough
yet not too long
to maintain order and control the flow of people through the tent.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– A non-ambulatory tent where two lanes are in operation
where there are:









four cutters who cut the clothing off the patients
two washers who scrub down the patients and make sure
they're clean
one Assistant Team Leader who controls the flow from the front
of the tent
one monitor at the rear of the tent who makes sure that
decontamination was successful.
A dedicated crew member makes sure the flash heater (to heat
water) is running properly and makes sure there is a constant
supply of water into the decon site.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF Staffing:
– It's a 15-person crew including the two members on the FPL.


There are eight more marines who are totally dedicated to
carrying stretchers, four in the front of the site and four in the
rear.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– CFBRFs come from every service area in the Marines.


Many are infantry members (O3s), communicators (06s), and
specific NBC-trained (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) personnel
who run the site.

– High levels of knowledge of chemical agents or chemical
warfare are not necessary to be a decon team member. Basic
skills and procedures can be taught and trained for.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CBIRF
 CBIRF TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS
– However, there are specific injuries that may come from
certain CBRN events such as a chemical explosion for which
specific knowledge, such as EMT qualifications, will be
necessary.




For example, some patients may come through the decon site
with medical dressings which will have to be removed so
decontamination of the wound or injury can take place. Pressure
dressings are loosened so decontamination can be performed
underneath them.
On the other hand, tourniquets and C-spine immobilization
collars are never removed during decon.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 Description & Function
– Civil Support Teams are a joint force of the Army and Air
National Guard and can function as a hands-on unit or in
an advisory capacity with all kinds of reach-back assets
they can bring to bear at an incident:



DTRA, the defense threat reduction agency
Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

– CST knows contacts at these agencies on a first-name
basis. That can be an immense timesaver for first
responders.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Background
– Currently, there are 40 CSTs around
the country, based around the
original FEMA regions (in the case of
this team, FEMA Region 7, covering
Missouri). Click video.




Distribution
of CST

By the end of 2008, there should be 55
teams throughout the nation.
Some populous areas have more than
one team.

– Contact your state National Guard or
SEMA to find out if there's a CST in
your area.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

CST Captain
Scott Zimmerman
Click video to view
61

06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– When fire department-based Haz-Mat teams arrive on scene,
they know they're dealing with something bad.
– The traditional role of civilian/municipal hazardous materials
technicians and operators is to deal with various kinds of
haz-mat spills and chemical releases which are usually
industrial-related. These are the typical hazardous materials
responses.
– With as much time these teams must spend in this kind of
training, there's not a lot of time available to train on very
specific chemical-, biological-, and nuclear-type agents. But
with the Civilian Support Teams (CSTs), that's ALL they do.
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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– This is a big advantage for training officers of first responder
departments because they can rely on an agency that is the
subject matter expert in these terrorist areas.


They don't have to spend as much time in training themselves
for these events.

– The CST expands an Incident Commander's ability to deal
with these kinds of threats and events since that's all CST
does.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Expertise
– If a Chemical-Biological-Radioactive-Nuclear Event (CBRNE)
or WMD agent/event occurs, is known, or is suspected, CST
gets called. They are considered the subject matter experts
(SMEs, pronounced "Smeez") for chemical and biological
warfare agents used in a terrorist manner.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– There are two ways for CST notification:


The informal chain where CST members go out to build
relationships with first responders, incident commanders, fire
chiefs, emergency management personnel, police chiefs,
highway patrol -- all the people CST might work with in a large
crisis situation.
– It's better to know whom you're going to be working with in
advance and all these people have CST's direct-line phone number
so they can call for advice, consultation, or a request for help.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– If CST receives an alert, it has the ability and authority to selfdeploy an advance team to get the ball rolling. CST can also
be recalled if not needed after mobilization.


A CST advance team involves a commander, a modeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
– These personnel are briefed by phone en route so they understand
the situation prior to arrival.



Upon arrival, the advance team contacts the command post and
coordinates the effort with the incident commander or his
representatives.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path


In a big incident, they could be interfacing with the Haz-Mat
Operations section in the ICS which is a very appropriate place
for the CST to be.
– In such an incident of that size, the CST commander would be in
the Unified Command area with the deputy commander interfacing
with the local ICS and the Operations Officer while the rest of the
CST would work with local Haz-Mat operations.





There would be a lot of integration but CST is under the total
command of the local or unified incident commander.
If the incident commander prefers, CST can serve only in an
advisory capacity or become more involved with recon and
detection.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Path
– In the formal chain, the incident commander:








contacts his local EMA who
contacts SEMA who
contacts the governor's office who then
contacts the Adjutant-General of the National Guard who
contacts his operation officer
who contacts the CST.

– This chain takes a lot longer than the informal chain to get
personnel on the ground.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Response Time
– Once CSTs are involved, they can have people downrange in
90 minutes or quicker if they can use any existing decon
lines that may be set up.
– The advantage of having made advanced contacts with local
departments is that the CST is already familiar with local
departments’ capabilities and what their decon lines look
like.
– Some local departments have adopted the CST style of
decon line which makes response even that much quicker.

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06-10 Training Materials
Hands-On:
WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
CST
 CST Detection Capabilities
– CST has strong detection abilities with its analytical lab and
can give a nearly 100 percent determination of what
substance is being dealt with.
– Their sampling techniques have been approved and
standardized using the same methods as the FBI.


Samples retrieved could be sent to the FBI in Quantico, VA for
analysis.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
1. True or False:

CST is a marine unit

2. True or False:

It’s quicker to follow the CBIRF chain of
command to get a response.

3. True or False:

CBIRF and CST both encourage first-name
basis awareness with first responders.

4. True or False:

Dry contamination techniques are used
mostly in chemical incidents.

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. M9 paper is used to detect:
a. liquid radioactive aerosols

b. Nerve-F gas
c. Nerve-XY gas
d. Mustard-G gas
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
6. Which of the following are part of a CST Command Recall?
a. An accountability muster

b. A last-minute gear check
c. Receive a briefing on the incident or scenario
d. Have their medical vital signs checked (any time they don
their PPE)
e. None of the above

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WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
7. Which of the following is correct?
a. In general, CSTs can arrive sooner than CBIRFs

b. You can reach CBIRF through your SEMA office.
c. A CST advance team involves a commander, a yodeler, an
operations officer, and a recon team leader.
d. CST will only assist with detection work.
e. All of the above.
(Answers on Slide 90)

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– The paramedic introduces herself to the patient and asks what
his problem is. The patient tells her that he has abdominal pain.



She asks about his drinking and how much he's had to drink.
He says he drank a fifth of vodka and a quarter of another fifth.

– She takes his vital signs; his blood pressure is a little high.
– The patient tells her he's on blood pressure medicine but
hadn't taken it that day.
– She asks him to which hospital he would like to be transported.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

ASSESSMENT
 Establishes patient contact
– During this conversation, the paramedic assesses that the
patient is very drunk, moaning, and disoriented.
– The paramedics were told by bystanders that the patient had
vomited though no evidence of that was apparent.
– Otherwise, the patient's breathing and airway are fine.
– The patient reports no cardiac or heart discomfort but that he
has high blood pressure.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– After taking his vitals, she asks whether he can walk or
not.




As patient's room is up a steep flight of stairs, it would be
easier for everyone if he were ambulatory.
If not, additional manpower would be needed to bring him
down the stairs.

– As this was in winter, the paramedics made the patient as
warm as possible with blankets and assisted him down the
stairs.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Assisting patient to ambulance
– The patient was not provided with shoes.




The paramedic said she was more concerned with getting the
patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
Also, in his current condition, the patient was oblivious to the
cold.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Ambulance Ride
– During transport, the paramedic asks the patient when he
started drinking.



He said he had begun drinking that morning. It's now night.
Later at the hospital, he would say he had started drinking
around 4 p.m.

– He also reported that he has pancreatitis.



He was given an IV to restore fluids.
His blood pressure was taken again.

– She queries him again about the abdominal pain, asking
him to describe the pain on a 1 to 10 scale and whether the
pain radiated out or was localized. He shows her exactly
where he feels the pain.
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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
The receiving hospital in this incident only allows nurses
specifically certified on the hospital's telemetry phone to use it.
– The paramedic calls the hospital en route and gives a
briefing of the patient's:








complaint
presentation
vital signs
assessment
observation of behavior
patient treatment, and
whether or not the treatment either helped or hurt.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

TRANSPORT
 Call to hospital
– The ambulance's ETA is also provided.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– He changed his behavior
information at the hospital.






Said his pain was much more severe than he had told the
paramedics in the ambulance.
He also told them he had only started drinking around 4 p.m.
when he had told the paramedics
that he had started that morning.
Denial is typical of alcoholics and information provided
should always be considered to be suspect.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– The patient also told bystanders that he had vomited but no
evidence was found.




This is important as vomiting might suggest other conditions
which might be treated and the vomit may impact the patient's
airways.
Blood in the vomit would also be significant regarding the
course of treatment.

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06-10 Training Materials
Fire Medics:
Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain

HOSPITAL ARRIVAL
 Patient reporting to staff
– Also, the patient had reported that he didn't think the pain
was associated with his pancreatitis.






The two major causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and
gallstones.
With a normal MRI and MRCP (which could not be checked in
the field), that would leave gallstones to be a very unlikely
possibility.
So, in fact, the patient's alcohol consumption might well have
been the cause of his pancreatitus and the source of the pain.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
1. True or False:

The two major causes of pancreatitis are
gallstones and diabetes.

2. True or False:

Alcoholics are usually very honest because the
alcohol keeps them from being deceitful.

3. True or False:

If a patient can’t walk themselves downstairs,
that will mean extra help will be needed.

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
4. An initial assessment of the patient could include which of the
following?

a. Checking the nebulizer
b. Checking vital signs
c. Checking ABCs
d. Two of the above
e. Three of the above

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Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain
Quiz
Date___________ Firefighter/PM____________________
Chief/T.O.___________________ Education Credits _____
Select the best answer:
5. Calling into the hospital to give a briefing during transport should
not include:

a. complaint
b. palpitation
c. vital signs
d. assessment
e. observation of behavior
(Answers on Slide 90)
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
If you’re enrolled in the Open Learning Fire Science Program at the
University of Cincinnati, complete written responses to the
following three essay questions to earn one college credit hour for
watching Working Fire Training.
Kramer vs. Kramer
Quick Calls: Failed Roof Rescue

1. Briefly critique the failed roof rescue attempt which resulted in the
fall and death of a victim.
2. Why could a similar event with a similar outcome have happened -or not happened -- in your jurisdiction?
3. Briefly list a few guidelines or procedures that you would compose
for your department that would ensure the greatest chance of a
successful outcome in similar circumstances.
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06-10 Training Materials
Evolutions 2000: Continuing Education
Send your responses to:

Professor Bill Kramer
University of Cincinnati
College of Applied Science
2220 Victory Parkway, ML #103
Cincinnati, Ohio 45206
ENROLLMENT INFORMATION:

For more information on enrolling in the Open Learning program to
gain college credit, call Working Fire Training at 800-516-3473 for a
brochure or, to register directly, call the University of Cincinnati at 513556-6583. Associates and Bachelors programs are available. Call to
have your transcripts evaluated.
Emergency Services, LLC/ Copyright 2006 / Volume 06-10

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06-10 Training Materials
Thanks so much for viewing
Working Fire Training!
See you next month – stay safe!

TRAINING

Answers:
Hands-On – WMD Disaster Drill Preparation: CBIRF & CST:
Quiz on Slides 71-74:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. e 6. e 7. a
Fire Medics – Ride-along: Alcoholic with Abdominal Pain:
Quiz on Slides 85-87:
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. d 5. b

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90